Kingdom of Monsters (The Kingdom Under the Mountain:Redux)

The Kingdom of all of the Monsters, commonly known as the Kingdom of Monsters, is a country in North America. It is the only country whose territory is Underground. The total area of the Kingdom of Monsters is 3,373,129 square kilometres (425 sq mi), with an estimated 2021 population of more than 70 million people.

The Kingdom of Monsters is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The capital and largest city is New Home, a global city and financial centre with a metropolitan area population of over 3 million. Other major cities include Home, Nellis City, Noville, Tokoaga and Industria. It is a Federal State with twenty-one States.

The Kingdom of Monsters has the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP), and the sixth-largest by purchasing power parity. It has a high-income economy and a very high Human Development Index rating, ranking 18th in the world. It also performs well in international rankings of education, healthcare, life expectancy and human development. It is the second youngest member of the United Nations

The Kingdom of Monsters is a member of the G7, the Group of Ten, the G20, the United Nations, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Interpol, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Indigenous peoples and Pre-Laronian history
It is generally accepted that the first monsters inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 21,000 years ago; however, some evidence suggests an even earlier date of arrival. The Miraheze, which appeared around 23,000 BC, is believed to represent the first wave of monster settlement of the Americas. This was likely the first of three major waves of migration into North America; later waves brought the ancestors of present-day Underground Monsters.

Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the pre-Larionian Tressabian culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, architecture, and complex societies. The city-state of Mariza is one of the largest, most complex pre-Larionian archaeological site in the modern-day United States. In the Southern Californian region, Ancestral Seemeian culture developed from centuries of agricultural experimentation. The Gaekkish are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups. Historically, the peoples were prominent along the Pacfic Coast and into the interior along the Ebott River and around the area of modern Ebott City.

Monsters around the modern area of Ebott City started forming clans around 730 BCE, with many prominent Monster families starting as clans during this period, with families such as the Dreemurrs, the Gasters and the Fishkriege originally starting as clans. Early forms of modern Monster Culture began appearing here, as the first carving of the Delta Rune has been dated to around 3200 BCE, as historian Gerson Boom says in his book The History of Monsters Pt.1 "The Delta Rune is symbol of the Kingdom of Monsters, the oldest evidence of it was found in the Delta Cave dated to around 3200 BCE or 1200 years ago". Ancient Monster religion also appeared late during this era, as the city-states of the Tulare Basin began further developing and centralizing.

Rise of Larion and the Confederation


In 23 BCE, Cesaria noticed a weakness in the nearby clans of Larion and decided to undertake a conquest of their lands. Though initially successful, the Cesarian conquest eventually began to fall apart, thanks to the Provisional Alliance of the Four Clans. After the Larionian victory, the four clans sought closer relations with each other, and on the 1st of January, 1 AD, they declared the Confederation of Larion with a feast. In its first century, the Confederation was unstable and nearly collapsed during the First Century Crisis. However, the Confederation overcame these problems and rose victorious in theLarionian-Tressabian War, thanks to the leadership of Consul Sarius Madern.

During the era of Pax Larionis, which lasted from 120 AD to 210 AD, Consul Pseudolus Avenarius led the Confederation to a period of peace and prosperity, during which there were no major conflicts. However, the Pax Larionis came to an end with the onset of the War of Larionian Survival, during which all of Larion's enemies sought to conquer and destroy the state. Historian Gerson Boom estimated that up to 30% of the population died during the war, though Larionwas not alone in the fight, receiving help from allies such as the Kingdom of Slachabia and the Republic of Treschow.

Despite the losses suffered during the War of Larionian Survival, the state would eventually recover and prosper during the Larionian Golden Era, which lasted from 329 AD to 527 AD. By the end of this period, the Confederation had become a fairly democratic society, with Larionian citizens enjoying certain rights such as freedom of speech and religious liberties that would not be recovered until the signing of the Bill of Rights. However, the Larionian Golden Era came to an end with a famine in 527 AD, which Consul Pistoclerus Gelasius failed to prevent or alleviate. This gave rise to the populist movement, the New Sons of Larion, led by General Marcus Augustinus, which called for the abolition of the "corrupt" and "brutish" Larionian Senate and Assembly.

The Augustinus Coup and the Early Kingdom of Larion
In the early hours of May 23, 532, General Augustinus would begin marching to the City of Larion, once he and his army got there they marched into the Capitol Building and forced the Senate and National Assembly to make him leader of both chambers. Using his newfound powers he would abolish both and he would declare himself Supreme Commander. Then he declared one of his allies, Tarius Dreemurr King of Larion.

Many neighboring nations originally rejected the new Larionian government, with the Republic of Treschow outright declaring war on Larion and many others withdrawing ambassadors and their merchants. After two years, the Republic of Treschow was fully annexed by Larion. Relations with many states would not normalize by decades, with the State of Gariol not recognizing the new government until the death of Augustinus.

Augustinus's administration would be the most corrupt and authoritarian in the history of Monsters, with bribery and cronyism becoming common throughout Augustinus's reign. Repression became common, with the 543 peasants rebellion being crushed by brutal methods, including torture, the burning of villages, and other methods of torture.

Augustinus would die of Tuberculosis on May 17, 561, with his friend Philippus Glaucia succeeding him, becoming the second Supreme Commander, his administration would be noticeably less corrupt and hedonistic than Augustinus administration, and many of Augustinus's cronies would either be fired or executed. Glacia's time as Supreme Commander was relatively peaceful, with there being no wars during his administration, Philippus Glaucia would restart foreign relations and begin rebuilding many Trade Networks.

Philippus Glaucia would fall down on June 23, 601, and would finally pass away on July 4, 601. Dying at the age of 81. Glaucia's successor would be chosen by a Council made up of the Larionian Elites, which included nobles, bankers and millitary commanders. Eventually, a successor would be chosen, with Ballio Arcadius becoming Supreme Commander, Arcadius would continue many of Glaucia's policies, with Larion even managing to join an alliance against the renewed threat of Slachabia. Ballio Arcadius would die in 652, leaving behind a legacy of a stable and prosperous Larion.

The Removal of the Supreme Commander and the Late Kingdom of Larion
From 652 to 931, Larion would be ruled by Supreme Commander Joe Steel, with not much happening during his tenure, despite there being minor confrontations with nearby states, the period would be very stable, with a rising economy thanks to reinvigorated trade, thanks to Steel. Steel would die on April 25, 951. Leaving the office of Supreme Commander to his son Vladimir Steele. Steele II as he became known, would pale in comparison to his father, with famine and war happening frequently during his tenure. Eventually, he would be overthrown by a coalition of Nobles, clergymen, and the Army. After the removal of Steele II, many rallied for the abolition of the position of Supreme Commander. After a voting sesion within the Larionian Provisional Goverment on Mar 21, 957 the position of Supreme Commander would be abolished, with the powers of the Supreme Commander being given to King Astabad Dreemurr, who would bring back Larion to a strong and stable position thus calming the fears of nearby states of Larionian collapse, Astabad would die on May 971, with his son, Asgard becoming the King of Larion. Meanwhile the rulers in nearby Human nations saw this as a travesty and many feared that what happened in Larion would happen to them, thanks to this and other socio-economic factors the ideology of Human Supremacy would take by storm the nearby Human States, with many Nobles and even the King of Vlahhirei, Stithulf the I coming out as a supporter of the ideology, before being overthrown by his Cousin, John the III with the support the nobles. This would acerbate fears of a Monster conspiracy to take over the World and would push many Human Leaders to be supporters of the ideology.

The status quo would surprisingly hold until 1005 when SOUL absorption was discovered. This sent the Human states into a frenzy and on December 24, 1005. All of the Human states would unite as the Human Confederation. Meanwhile, the Monster Kings would enter into a panic with the idea of a united Monster confederation becoming extremely popular with the Monsters, thus alienating them even further from Humans. This ended with the Kingdoms of Larion, Arteasi, and Treshcow uniting into the Kingdom of Monsters on May 19, 1006, with King Asgard of Larion becoming King of All the Monsters. This angered the Human Confederation, which demanded that the Kingdom of Monsters be disbanded and reparations are paid if this was not done by May 23. The Human Confederation would declare war upon the Kingdom of Monsters. The Monsters rejected this ultimatum. On May 23, 1006, the Human Confederation would declare war on The Kingdom of Monsters.

The period saw the birth of many important figures in Monster history, such as the royal couple of King Asgore (990) and Queen Toriel (987), Royal Scientist W.D Gaster (957), and Royal Guard Chief Gerson Boom (945). This generation would become very influential in Monster history, as many would shape Monsterkind in the years to come. With people such as W.D Gaster, who would become a very influential inventor in Monster history.

Human-Monster War
The Human-Monster War started on May 23, 1006, with the first battle, The Battle of SOULs being fought on May 29th, initially Monsters earned victories with the Human Confederation nearing collapse, but the Humans would manage to turn the tide in the Battle of the Two Suns, with the battle ending with a Monster defeat, with even the Queen of Monsters Marliak Dreemurr dying on the battle. With the Monster's morale collapsing after the battle, many nobles retracted their support to the King, and a few even attempted to overthrow the King, although the plot failed. Meanwhile, Human morale increased with the Humans scoring more and more victories; to add to the Monster's bad luck, the King died in the battle of Miraheze; with the inexperienced King Asgore being crowned on August 16, the new King would order the walls of the city of the Larion to be closed until further notice, with the order technically not being rescinded until 2010. The Siege of Larion would start on August 23 and would last until September 2, when the Human army managed to cross the city walls and entered the city, the Battle of Larion was brutal with Urban fighting being brutal for both sides, but the Monsters managed to hold Human Army in the South side of the city, in retaliation the Humans decided to brutalize the city and its citizens, with innocent Monsters being tortured by the Human Army. Seeing no possibility of victory, King Asgore and the Council of Ten initiated the Evacuation of Larion, with Monsters civilians and even some military personnel being evacuated to a nearby cave in Mt. Ebott, ultimately the last holdouts of the Monster Army and civilians would surrender on September 15, with the Monsters being trapped in Mt. Ebott the very next day.

Creation of the Barrier and The Times of Despair
After being defeated during the Battle of Larion. The Monsters who had sought refuge in Mt.Ebott and other remnants were forced to sign the Treaty of Larion, which annexed all of their territories and forced them into the Underground; the Humans surprisingly allowed the Monsters to evacuate their women and children into the Underground for 6 hours, although adult males were not allowed to evacuate and were executed instead. After 10,000 residents of Larion were moved from the city; after the six hours passed; the Barrier was officially created in the early morning of September 16. Following the creation of the Barrier the 21,000 Monsters that were allowed to evacuate to the Underground splintered into several factions, although 10,000 remained loyal to Asgore and followed him on the Long March to the cave's deepest point; now safe from any immediate Human threat, the Monsters began construction on a new place to live; initially meant as a temporary camp for Monsters to reside in before continuing their travels, the camp grew as Monsters moved less and less in fear of another Human attack. Eventually, in 1009 the camp was made legally made into a city called New Larion, although it was renamed Home as King Asgore chose that name in late 1010. Eventually, Asgore ordered the construction of the Home walls and the Puzzle system in 1014, although they wouldn't be completed until late 1028.

After the completion of the Home walls; Asgore decided that the Monsters would enter into an isolationist foreign policy, as people were banned from either leaving or entering the city of Home and its surrounding areas. Following the ban, the Kingdom of Monsters entered into an era of semi-stagnation, although some change started to slowly happen as Lords now had to compete for peasants as the peasant population collapsed during the war; with many Lords beginning to pay peasants for their work since protection wasn't enough for many peasants, with many of them threatening to leave their Lords land if they weren't compensated for their work, although many of them couldn't as they were serfs or were threatened with heavy punishment, such as fines, or even prision in some cases, although this became less common after the Carta Iura was signed. The political system of the Kingdom of Monsters saw many radical changes as the old Larionian system could no longer be maintained, as many of the old bureaucrats had massively died off during the Human-Monster War. This led to the collapse of Larionian absolutism as many Lords now demanded further rights; with many of them beginning to call for a restoration of the Council of Ten, which existed during the Human-Monster War; this anger led to parts of the Royal Guard, supported by the Monster aristocracy; to attempt to overthrow King Asgore in 1215 in order to put a puppet monarch on the throne, although the coup attempt failed, it led to the singing of the Carta Iura as compromise as Asgore feared for further coup attempts; the Carta Iura reestablished the Council of Ten and added more members, now named the Royal Council, which now included many members of the Monster nobility such as the clergy, lords and other types of nobility; the Carta Iura also guaranteed fair trails to all residents of the Kingdom of Monsters, thanks to a clause added by Asgore himself; the Royal Council also gained de-facto control over taxations laws in 1359 after King Asgore suffered a health scare; the Royal Council would be dissolved in 1371 after various fights broke out between the nobility and commons, with them having to end up separated after two members of the council ended up dead after a fight broke out; after this many members of the Royal Council supported the separation; so on May 9, 1371 the Royal Council was dissolved and replaced by the upper House of Lords, which was made up of nobles and the lower House of Commons, which was made up of commoners who were mostly whealthy farmers and traders.

Religion also saw massive changes in the era as the Larionian Church transformed into the Angelican Christianity during this period, with the most important elements of Angelican Christianity appearing during this era such as the legend of the Angel; which prophesized about an angel who was seen the surface returning to the Underground and the Underground going empty, the Angelican Christianity church also coopted the Delta Rune as the symbol of the Angel during this era, with it also signifying the death of Monster paganism as most of its symbols were adapted by the Angelican church during the period. Technological and mathematical advances during the period were many such as the printing press in 1440, which allowed books to be copied on a massive scale, allowing more people to read, staring a boom in the literacy rate; other inventions of the era also were the gun, which utilized gunpowder; mechanical clocks that helped to measure time as the sun could no longer be seen in the Underground; eyeglasses that allowed Monsters with poor sight to see more clearly; windmills that could be used for pumping water or grinding grain; and many other inventions. The era came to an end as many of the Human-Monster War veterans died off causing newer Monster generations to fear Humanity less and less; with many of them questioning why the Monsters had to be locked up inside the Home walls, with many of them suggesting that the Home walls should be opened; the movement became popular with the younger aristocracy and merchants, as many of them saw possible riches in the other areas of the Underground; eventually, Lord Teddy Bates became leader of the anti-isolationist movement as he rallied parliament for expansionism; the movement would reach the highest point when Queen Toriel became a supporter, as she argued that Monsters would become stronger by starting trade with other areas of the Underground; overwhelmed by the movement eventually Asgore hired a group of twenty mercenaries and seventy former convicts led by Lord Teddy Bates himself to initiate contact with the nearby settlements; the group managed to initiate contact with Snowy tribes and even managed to convince the leader of the tribe, Sugnog to join the Kingdom of Monsters after a meeting with the King, the Queen and parliament; this was only the first expansion in the so-called Era of Expansion.

Era of Exploration
After Sugnog and the Snowy tribes decided to join the Kingdom of Monsters in 1503; many among the upper classes became convinced that further expeditions could be as successful as the Snowdin Expedition, thus leading to the authorization and funding of further expeditions, such as the famous 1529 Waterfall Expedition, which managed to rediscover a series ancient glyphs in the Waterfall area that detailed the Human-Monster War and the life of Monsters after the creation of the Barrier, including their self-exile to the city of Home. Eventually, Bates and his team of explorers managed to reach the borders of the Empire of Norton in late 1531, with his team reaching the Nortonian capital on February 12, 1531, surprisingly Emperor Norton II invited the explorers to the Royal Palace of Norton, where they managed to convince Norton II to allow foreign traders into the Empire.

Afterward, Bates and his team returned Home, where they were greeted as heroes, as many became enamored by their escapades, writing songs, stories, and festivals around them, unsurprisingly Bates decided to head to the south in an expedition that was meant to map to the area and initiate contact with any tribes that might exist there and hopefully get them to join the Kingdom or at the very least start trade with them, so it was a surprise when they reached the border of the Southron Confederation, where unlike in Norton, they were forced to turn to back to Home, as the Consul refused to let them enter; this started a period of tension between the Kingdom of Monsters and the Southron Confederation, as the Kingdom of Monsters and Norton wanted them to open up the Southrons borders to trade, while the Southrons refused; with Consul Fulgentius Eburnus threatening to declare war on numerous occasions, with the most serious being on 1531 after Nortonian mercenaries attempted to overthrow the government of the Southron Confederation; although they failed, this nearly caused a war between the two states, but it was averted after the Kingdom of Monsters mediated a dimplomatic solution between the two, afterward the Southrons decided to allow merchants to enter the Confederation, but they were forced stop at special markets called Alienaforums in which merchants were taxed heavily, causing many merchants to avoid the Southrons as Norton had more friendly policies towards merchants and foreigners, thus causing an economic boom in Norton, as foreign investment greatly helped the economy. Things would heat up in May 1550 when a group of Monster merchants visiting the capital city of the Southron Confederation accidentally assassinated Consul Faunus Vibulanus after dueling him, this caused a diplomatic crisis, as neither side wanted to admit that they were in the wrong, leading to the Southron Confederation to declare war on the Kingdom of Monsters, with Norton joining the war due the Southrons declaring on them on July 1550; the war was initially a stalemate as neither side managed to capture any territory, with the most important battle of the stagnant period being the Battle of the Border in late 1552, where the Monster-Larionian alliance managed to capture the city of Noville, but they were pushed out after the First Battle of Noville where the Southron forces managed to push out the Monster-Nortonian forces back to the border, thus causing a return to the stalemate; this would end in early 1553, where the Monster-Nortonian forces managed to end the stalemate by reaching Ubriscon, which was the capital of the Southron Confederation, on March 21, 1553, and after a long siege of the city, the Monster-Nortonian forces managed to enter the city, forcing the Southron Confederation to move its capital to Noville, although this wouldn't last as the Monster-Nortonian forces captured the city on May 12, 1553, causing the Confederation to surrender two days later, as most their forces deserted after learning about the loss of Noville; afterward, the Monster-Nortonian alliance decided that the former territory of the Southron Confederation should be annexed by the Kingdom of Monsters, as this would keep the peace more efficiently, although Nortonian soldiers were allowed in the area, as they allowed the Kingdom of Monsters to spend fewer resources on the area, and the presence of Nortonian soldiers gave Nortonian traders advantages, as they now had leverage against the Kingdom of Monsters.

After the end of the war, the Kingdom of Monsters gave incentives to Monsters to move to the former territories of the Southron Confederation as a way to keep the peace, whilst also incentivizing Southrons to move to newly acquired western areas, as this was seen as a way to maintain order in the areas acquired after the by the Kingdom of Monsters, during this period many of the Underground's most important cities were founded, with cities such as Kruitchester, Dreemurrtown, and Andhull being founded by either Southrons who moved to the area or Monster settlers who moved from the Home area, this expansion was also helped by the discovery of stable crops, such as potatoes, which were easy and cheap to grow, thus making them popular with the lower classes of the Kingdom of Monsters and the western settlers, with the discovery of potatoes allowing for an explosion of the Underground's population, as the Underground went from having 72,000 people in 1500 to 321,000 in 1667. The era also radically affected the arts, as the Renaissance sought to revive and even in some cases surpass the ideas and culture of Old Larion, with the arts moving away from abstract religious depictions to the more realistic aspects of life such as people, objects, or places; many of the Monsters most celebrated works came from this era, with Alvise Colombo becoming one of the Monster's most celebrated artists, with works such as his famous 1537 portrait of King Asgore, and the Bella Signora making him into the Underground's most celebrated artist, despite this many others became famous, with people such as Silvestro Volta, Ralph Ford, and Valentin Baier also being recognized for their great works. Technology also advanced during this period as the printing press and the gun was improved upon; original inventions of the era included the compass, which allowed the Monsters to reach the island of Alevedo and initiate contact with the State of Aepios, and the blast furnace, which allowed iron to be melted more efficiently, and many others.

Scientific Revolution, Bill of Rights and the Monster-Tokoagan War
Expansion into the east would continue even after the end of the Era of Expansion, as settlers kept moving east, as the land was cheap and easy to settle, this led to confrontations with local Thesian and Castlian tribes, as many entered their land without authorization, causing various violent incidents, such as the 1579 Castlian War, in which Southron settlers, backed by Nortonian mercenaries fought the Thesians of the area, eventually forcing the tribes to evacuate to modern-day Nellis, where they created the Confederation of the Tribes, with help from the local Hangul and Castlian tribes.

The formation of the Confederation of the Tribes would stall eastern expansion, as local tribes could now fight back against Monster settlers more effectively, although this did not stop all settlers, with events such as the famous 1619 Setller War, which caused the abandonment of the westernmost tribes by the Confederation, as they were overrun by Southron settlers, backed by Nortonian mercenaries. After the disastrous war, the Confederation decided to ally with the Kingdom of Monsters, this would prove to be a mistake, as this led to the Confederation eventually becoming a Monster protectorate after settlers overran the town of Bosburn (modern-day Verdeum) in 1629, forcing the Confederation to seek further protection from the Kingdom of Monsters. Eventually, the Confederation would be fully annexed by the Kingdom of Monsters after the death of Chieftain Ohanzee in 1636.

The Empire of Norton would also meet the same fate as the Confederation of the Tribes after the death of Emperor Norton IV in 1645, due to the fact the Emperor had no sons and a clear successor could not be found, causing a political crisis in the Empire, as pretenders from all of the branches of the House of Norton sought to take the throne; eventually, as a compromise, it was decided that King Asgore should become Emperor of Norton, as no other candidate could rally the support of Regent Thomas Hayward, expect Asgore, who was chosen as a compromise candidate. Eventually, the Empire of Norton would be abolished on June 29, 1651, as its existence became redundant, as the empire became economically dependent on the Kingdom of Monsters after the ascension of Asgore as Nortonian Emperor.

After the annexation of the Confederation of the Tribes and the Empire of Norton, their former territories became the target of a wave of settlement coming from the Monsters and Southron, as the land was plentiful and cheap, with the government even handing out the land for free, or even in some cases to prisoners, who were often promised freedom in exchange of them settling the east. The eastward expansion would also accelerate the collapse of feudalism, as many peasants could now afford to move out of their lord's land, due to the government grants for land in the east; feudalism would be abolished in 1658 after the signing of the Tenures Abolition Act, which seized the holdings of all of the remaining feudal lords, even though few feudal lords remained by this point, as most of their former lands had been bought by wealthy merchants and farmers who profited from the new territories, so the act caused nearly no uproar, as many saw people saw the abolition of feudalism as inevitable.

Expansion and settlement of the east would end around 1660, as Monsters reached the borders of the Empire of Bode and the Commonwealth of Tokoaga, thus signifying the end of the eastern expansion as government grants dried up after the Panic of 1662, in which the Eastern Company, which financed most expeditions collapsed after a series of bad Company-Directors mismanaged the company funds, with Company-Director Neoptolemus Licinus being the most notable example of the nepotism which ran rampant in the company, with him wasting funds meant for the failed 1657 Aepios Expedition in gambling and alcohol, and although he was removed the scandal broke out, his actions doomed the company as Company-Directors failed to generate profit. After the company collapsed, the Kingdom of Monsters moved toward a less expansionist foreign policy, with the Kingdom of Monsters starting diplomatic relations with the Empire of Bode and the Commonwealth of Tokoaga in 1663 after the signing of the Treaty of Dreemurrtown. Peace with the Tokoagans would not last, as Chancellor Inoyue Akira was hell-bent on preventing foreign influence, with him even closing the borders of the Commonwealth in 1665, although he dropped this after his wife convinced him to restart foreign relations with Bode and the Kingdom of Monsters, Chancellor Akira would continue to make rouge decisions such as his idea to attempt to eliminate Christian missionaries from Bode and the Kingdom of Monsters, which would result in support for Monarchism rising, with some such as Kagawa Shiro supporting full annexation into the Kingdom of Monsters, which many Monarchists many saw as an ideal nation which Tokoaga should strive to. The final straw for many Monarchists came in 1670 when Chancellor Akira went to the Senate and declared the start of a Monarchist purge; outraged by this, the leader of the Monarchist Party, Teramoto Asami urged his supporters to "end the tryanny of Inoyue Akira by any means necessary"; following this proclamation Chancellor Akira ordered the arrest of Teramoto Asami, this failed, as Asami fled to the border with the Kingdom of Monsters and rallied a pro-monarchist town into kickstarting a rebellion against the Commonwealth, the move worked, and many towns declared their allegiance to Asami who was crowned Duke of Tokoaga on May 29, 1671.

During the first year of the Tokoagan War, the Kingdom of Monsters and the Empire of Bode remained neutral, as they felt that Asami had no chance of winning the war against the Commonwealth since many saw him as a peasant who was leading an underfed and understaffed army that would probably collapse at any moment, thus fully supporting him would be a way to further ruin relations with the Commonwealth, although volunteers were allowed to enter Tokoaga, things would change for Asami and the Monarchists in 1672 after the Battle of Olnburry which the Monarchists won, securing the stability of the monarchist government, following this, the Empire of Bode openly declared their support for the Monarchists, with the Kingdom of Monsters following afterward.

The second phase of the war would be defined by the intervention of the Kingdom of Monsters and the Empire of Bode in the Tokoagan War, which escalated as Chancellor Akira officially declared war on the Kingdom of Monsters and the Empire of Bode, despite some initial successes by the two, the war entered a stalemate, as Tokoagan General Arnold Featherstone managed to stop the advances of the Kingdom of Monsters under General Gerson Boom and King Asgore, who surprisingly decided to join Gerson in the war, the war would devolve into a stalemate in all fronts except the Ecrapoolian Front, where General Benjamin Oliver managed to make great advances against the Commonwealth, causing him to become very popular in the Kingdom of Monsters, where he became a legend among the people. Thanks to General Oliver's advances in Ecrapool, the stalemate was broken as the coalition of the Kingdom of Monsters, Monarchist Tokoagans, and Bodeans began to overrun the Commonwealth, as Chancellor Akira began making decisions that made less and less sense by the day, with him even suggesting the use of child soldiers in the field, which was refuted by his General Staff that stopped listening to his orders, with many of them defecting to the Monarchist Tokoagans side, as Chancellor Akira went further into his madness.

The end for Akira would be on May 21, 1678, when the National Diet and Senate met in secret and voted to defect to the defect to the Monarchist side, following this event, Akira attempted to arrest the Assembly of the Commonwealth but failed as they had been warned by a Monster informant. Akira would commit suicide in his private palace on May 29, 1678, with him writing in his diary that "he no longer saw the Tokoagans as the brave warriors of old, but cowards who sold out to Asgore and his raging band of Southrons" and "to whoever reads this letter, let it be known that the Commonwealth of Tokoaga is officially dissolved and that the Duchy of Tokoaga is to become the legitimate government of this pathetic land". The death of Akira would mark the end of the conflict, as he officially dissolved the Commonwealth, and gave control of the land to Duke Asami. The war would fully end after the signing of the Treaty of Dreemurrtown, which dissolved the Commonwealth of Tokoaga, made the Duchy of Tokoaga into a protectorate of the Kingdom of Monsters, and stripped its external provinces, with the Duchy only getting to keep the territory of the modern State of Tokoaga. The aftermath of the Tokoagan War was the beginning of a new era for all countries involved, in the Kingdom of Monsters, the Tokoagan War fully established parliamentary supremacy, as the absence of Asgore in the capital of Home caused a power vacuum that was filled by Parliament, which refused to return any of its new powers to King Asgore after the end of the war, fearing that Asgore would try to reassert his powers, Parliament wrote the Bill of Rights, which served to officially establish parliamentary supremacy, as Asgore or any future monarch could now not rule without the consent of Parliament, it also fully enshrined the right to bear arms, as many areas had been prohibiting the use of magic and firearms, and the freedom of speech in Parliament. The Bill of Rights also prohibited excessive bail and fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, as many local mayors committed atrocities on the regular, which Parliament didn't like, as most of the time it led to farmer rebellions, such as the 1659 Farmers Revolt, where local farmers managed to overthrow their local mayors; King Asgore surprised parliament, by not objecting to any of the terms of the Bill of Rights, as many members of parliament had originally expected that he would attempt to stall or block the Bill of Rights in its entirety, but instead, he seemed supportive of the Bill of Rights and even gave his praise to the writers of the bill, Lord Weaver and Duke Clayton, with Asgore's support the Bill of Rights easily passed Parliament and was given Royal assent in a fairly quick period of two months, with it the last place to give the bill legal status being Bode, which joined the Kingdom of Monsters in late 1680. Technology and science would enter into a golden era during the period, thanks to the Scientific Revolution, which transformed the views of Monsters about nature, with discoveries, such as those from Dr. W.D Gaster, who formulated the theory of gravity in late 1655 after a pear fell on his head during a visit to one of his colleges, Moritz Krüger, who is famous for the invention of calculus in the underground, which helped Gaster massively in his research. Other discoveries and inventions of the era include probability, the thermometer, the microscope, the barometer, analytical geometry, early research on magnetism and electricity, chemistry, the steam digester, which lay the grounds for the invention of steam engine, research on Monster anatomy, which started around this period thanks to Dr. W.D Gaster, and Ottilia Schreiber, who would go on to further studies in the field, as Gaster left, as he was focusing in other scientific matters, and many others. Rapid technological advancement also affected warfare, as inventions such as the cannon revolutionized warfare during the Tokoagan War, as both deployed cannons to destroy fortifications and city walls.

The Enlightenment and rebirth of Democracy
After the end of the Tokoagan War, the Kingdom of Monsters experienced a golden age, as foundations laid by the Scientific Revolution and the rise of Mercantilist Capitalism were finally bearing fruit, as advances in medicine and transport and the full Unification of the Underground made traveling the Underground easier and cheaper, thus leading to many farmers becoming merchants, as many left their farms and began to travel to areas such as Bode and Tokoaga to purchase goods, to then return to Norton and Home to sell Tokoagan and Bodean that were considered a status symbol in the Western Underground.

The beginning of the end of the Golden Age of Mercantilism began in 1712 when Dr. W.D. Gaster invented the Piston Steam Engine. The steam engine would be improved by Samuel Doyle, which lay the basis for Industrialization to begin. The Golden Age of Mercantilism would fully end in 1736, as the Panic of 1736-39 caused the collapse of the trade market, as nobles, who were the primary buyers of Tokoagan and Bodean goods stopped purchasing them, as many had lost a great part of their fortunes during the panic.

After the collapse of the trade of Tokoagan and Bodean goods collapsed many nobles sought to earn money in other ways, luckily for them around this time, Industry was emerging as a new investment field, as many proto-Industrialists sought funding, and many nobles sought more secure investments after the Panic of 1736-39. The most notorious of the proto-Industrialists would be Dwayne Robinett, founder of Robinett Inc. A jewelry and shoe-making company that began in the early 1740s.

Whilst all of this was happening, a revolution in philosophy was happening, as the Enlightenment was in full swing, as many philosophers such as Robert Caron, Joan Dunn, Abelard Ebner, and Paolo Buccio began questioning the established order of the Angelican Chruch and the House of Lords, which many of them saw as an institution not to be destroyed, but reformed, as many advocated for democratic and liberal principles of government, such as liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, equality before the law and individualism. Although the Enlightenment received some pushback from the Angelican Chruch and some Nobles; the Enlightenment couldn't be stopped, especially as it became popular with the Merchant and the proto-Industrialist classes of the Underground, which became ever increasingly powerful as many married into the Nobility by using their newfound wealth.

Despite this, the Enlightenment became opposed by many members of the Angelican Chruch, nobles, and other groups who were skeptical of industrialization and modernization, such as the Farmheads, a group formed by disgruntled farmers of rural areas, which felt that they were overlooked ignored by the central government, as the government shifted its priorities to the ever-growing urban population. The Anti-Enlightenment forces, or as they came to call themselves, the Traditionalists, initially attempted to stop modernization by fully peaceful means, such as petitions to parliament or boycotts of goods made with proto-industrial techniques, as opposed to traditional techniques. This process failed as Pro-Enlightenment forces, known as Liberals, managed to sabotage their efforts, as they had more funds thanks to their support from the majority of the nobility and proto-Industrialist, which gave them the ability to influence parliament. This caused the Traditionalists to change to methods to more violent ones, such as kidnapping, murder, and the deliberate destruction of places where Liberals met, such as the destruction of the Mayer Coffeehouse in 1744, which nearly killed many important Enlightenment figures, such as future Prime Minister Wilmot Spencer, and philosopher Wilfried Braun, which were at both at the coffeehouse at the time of the attacks. Eventually, the conflict escalated, as terror attacks by Liberals and the Traditionalists became a common occurrence in the Underground; the 1745 Angel Church bombing, was the spark that initiated the Traditionalist Rising, as John B. Beckham, Supreme Reverend of the Angelican Chruch and the de-facto of the Traditionalists, was killed in the bombing, causing the start of the Traditionalist Rising, as many Traditionalists in the Royal Guard, Nobility, and the Angelican Chruch stopped listening to the government in Home. With the Battle of Fort Aquatica being considered the official start of the Traditionalist Rising, as Traditionalists in the Royal Guard helped seize the fort from Liberals forces. The conflict initially was a stalemate, as internal disagreements between the two factions kept them from starting any offensives, although some minor offensives did occur during the early stages of the Rising, such as the Gilson Offensive of December 1746, which successfully drove the Traditionalists from Arksea and ended the Siege of Tharlembo. Meanwhile, the Traditionalists managed to seize the city of Dreemurrtown around this time, thus negating the Liberal gains, causing the war to become a stalemate for the rest of 1746. The stalemate would end as Gerson Boom rejoined the Royal Guard and Asgore and Toriel rejected the Traditionalists offer to join them in 1746, with several offensives in Nellis successfully halting the Traditionalists offensives in Norton, forcing them to divert troops to the area. The rest of 1746 was spent by the Liberals cleaning local revolts in Cuadving, Arksea, and Sitford, with the city of Fort Abraham being established during this period, as the Liberals founded the Fort with the intention of it being a munitions storage for cannons. Eventually, the Traditionalists morale collapsed as they kept losing ground to the Liberals, with the Liberal victory in the Battle of Nellis being a devastating event for the Traditionalists, as they lost their biggest city, causing the collapse of their morale. Following the loss, General Imgundii Horiblii decided to escape with his forces to the island of Aepios, which had become unstable due to the collapse of the trade from Kingdom of Monsters due to the Traditionalist Rising, which gave General Horiblii an advantage as his forces conquered Aepios with ease. Following this, Horiblii set a Traditionalist Government in Exile in November 1747, thus marking the end of the Traditionalist Rising, as forces in the mainland surrendered en-masse due to the loss of leadership, and with the Battle of Bently being the last in the battle fought in the mainland.

Following the end of the Traditionalist Rising reforms were undertaken by parliament, with most of the Liberal reforms being consolidated in the Haley-Bently Act, which granted suffrage to all males regardless of noble status, guaranteed freedom of speech outside parliament, guaranteed religious freedom to all citizens of the Kingdom of Monsters and Tokoaga, officially established the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Monsters, which became the backbone of the judicial branch and set the stage of the Federalist movement of the 19th century, as the act gave some local autonomy to the areas of Norton and the Eastern Underground, which had revolted since they felt that the central government had abandoned them. The Haley-Bently Act was passed unanimously in the House of Commons and also received easy approval in the House of Lords. The Traditionalist sympathizers among the noble class had not yet fully returned to the House of Commons at the time, but they would eventually do so in the 1750s. Forming the Conservative Party to pursue their interests, including continued low taxation for the noble class and protectionist policies aimed at preventing trade from Tokoaga.

The Underground was calm until the Hung Parliament of 1753-1754, at which point there was a political deadlock caused by the disagreement between Liberal factions regarding the specifics of the laws they aimed to pass. One particular act, the Traders Act had fifteen amendments and votes as Liberals conflicted with the details while the Conservatives opposed the act entirely. This opposition prevented the Traders Act from being passed, and the final version was stripped of its original tax cuts for merchants. As a result, the act became ineffective as it was intended to assist them in their trade through tax cuts, which had become stripped as a way to help it pass Parliament. Recognizing the ineffectiveness of the Hung Parliament, MPs John Bercklow and Jillian Weaver appealed to King Asgore, requesting the creation of an advisor who could guide and oversee Parliament in cases where they were deadlocked and unable to reach an agreement. This advisor would be empowered to influence the direction of government policy, although they would be subject to confirmation by Parliament every four years, Asgore agreed and asked Parliament for a vote, initially, Parliament opposed the measure, as they thought that this advisor would be used by Asgore to step over Parliament, thus violating the Bill of Rights, but Asgore, Bercklow, and Weaver successfully convinced Parliament, but as a compromise, this advisor would be completely neutral, with no MP being initially allowed to fulfill the role. Eventually, after two months of negotiation, the position of Prime Minister was officially created, with the Prime Minister being able to make decisions on policy matters, dismiss government ministers, and oversee Parliament.

The First Minister Act passed parliament unanimously, with both the House of Commons and the House of Lords approving the act and King Asgore granting it Royal ascension on May 19, 1745. Parliament decided to nominate former Royal Guard Chieftain, Gerson Boom to the prime ministership, he initially refused the offer, but eventually accepted after being convinced by King Asgore and Queen Toriel, as they thought that his experience with managing the Royal Guard would be useful in managing the government, and status as a war hero made him into a popular figure which could successfully earn the trust and successfully guide Parliament. Gerson Boom would officially assume the office of Prime Minister on the 8th of April 1754, in a ceremony that was commonly described as a pseudo-coronation, as a grand ceremony took place in the capital of Home, with Gerson parading from the Palace of Allerton Hold to the Home Palace, before being given the oath of office, making him the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Monsters.

Gerson's tenure as Prime Minister went successfully, as he managed to end the Hung Parliament of 1753-1754, with him successfully making the Liberals and Conservatives compromise on various occasions, with Gerson helping reform the Traders Act to something that more closely resembled the unamended version, although some tax cuts to the industrialists had to be removed to appeal to the Conservatives. Overall, Gerson Boom 's tenure as Prime Minister was a fairly calm one, as he managed to end the deadlock in parliament and successfully laid the foundations for the Industrial Revolution with his encouragement of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which allowed farmers to produce more food with less labor, which allowed them to move them to urban centers, thus helping industrialization efforts, as the urban workforce on which industrialization depended expanded. On October 29, 1778, Gerson resigned from his role as Prime Minister, citing personal reasons and mental exhaustion, causing turmoil in parliament. However, they were unable to reach a consensus on a replacement, eventually they decided that Gerson should stay until the 1778 Election. In the meantime Asgore, Toriel and Gerson decided that the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons should become Prime Minister, this position quickly fell to Willmot Spencer, an Enlightenment philosopher, veteran of the Traditionalist Rising, leader of the Liberals and Speaker of the House, as the Liberals won the 1778 general election in a landslide. Spencer was inaugurated as Prime Minister on March 4, 1778, in a ceremony in front of the Palace of Allerton Hold, which whilst lavishly than Gerson's was still considered a grand spectacle. Thus setting the tradition for future prime ministerial inaugurations. Initially, Willmot Spencer didn't differentiate himself much from Gerson, as he continued his pro-industrialization and pro-farmer policies, which earned him a landslide in the 1782 general election. That election was also the first in which local MPs sought to associate themselves with the Prime Minister, working in Spencer's favor, as he was a very popular figure. However, things started to take a different turn in 1783 when Spencer signed the Crops Act. The act imposed tariffs on the trade of crops, which enraged farmers, a crucial part of Spencer's base. The farmers became dissatisfied with Spencer's administration, causing Liberal MPs from rural areas to abandon the party and form the Populist Party. This new party became popular with rural voters dissatisfied with Spencer, thus splitting the popular vote in favor of the Conservatives. To recover his popularity, Spencer and parliament abolished most of the provisions of the act in late 1783, regaining his support within some parts of the agrarian population of the Underground. This paved the way for Spencer to win the 1786 general election, albeit with a considerably reduced majority in Parliament. Spencer's second term focused on the industrialization of the Underground, despite some farmers' complaints. This decision did not substantially affect his support as it created higher-paying job opportunities in the cities, a key demographic supporting the Liberals. Spencer won the 1790 general election by a landslide, similar to the ones he had experienced before 1786. He ultimately decided not to run for a sixth term, as he felt that he had become too old to continue ruling. Instead, he chose his Deputy Prime Minister, Dominic Welch, to succeed him. Welch initially rejected the offer but eventually decided to become the Liberal candidate for the 1798 general election, which he won by a comfortable majority, although it was more reduced than those of Spencer, he also managed to create an alliance with Populist Party, which granted the Liberal a supermajority, which allowed Spencer to fully repeal the Crops Act, which he had personally opposed, making him very popular with rural communities, who saw him as a better successor to Gerson than Spencer, who they felt had failed to represent their interests.

Welch's time as Prime Minister was characterized by policies that were in line with Gerson's and Spencer's industrial policies. Additionally, he implemented policies that were beneficial to rural areas, including the repeal of the Crops Act. This policy decision was celebrated by rural populations. A notable policy of Welch's time as Prime Minister was that he helped promote the emerging technology of railways by financing the construction of the Filtzerag railway in 1810, which hauled iron from Maroonia, a nearby mining town to the city of Nellis, which was used in the production of steel, alloys and in the manufacturing of tools and weapons. Welch easily secured a second-term bid as Prime Minister, with the sole opposition coming from the Conservatives, who were unpopular among the electorate due to their perceived representation of only the elites. Although Welch's first and second terms were unremarkable, his third term introduced more interesting policies. On the other hand, Welch's fourth term continued his previous policies, which proved to be unremarkable, as he had to balance his coalition of urban dwellers, rural farmers, and liberal nobles. Spencer's fifth term continued this, although he announced that he wouldn't run for a sixth term early on, with the future leadership of the Liberal Party and thus the prime ministership, being originally favored to be Deputy Prime Minister, Ward Warner, although he decided to not run, as he was satisfied with tenure, thus leading to an MP from North Nellis, Jim Burton becoming party leader and later on Deputy Prime Minister after the 1814 general election, which he won easily, as the Populists caucused with the Liberals, allowing Burton continue the Populist-Liberal Coalition started by Spencer. Significant technological advancements occurred during this period, with inventions such as the steam engine revolutionizing transportation and industry. Factories and mills were no longer dependent on nearby water sources, which enabled massive industrial expansion in cities that were previously unable to support such establishments, including Platwell, Trium, and Industria, which began to be populated around this time. This technological advancement also enabled factory owners to avoid high taxation in the cities of the Western Underground, although some cities, such as Noville, decided to cut industrial taxes, as it allowed them to gain population, which greatly helped them, as the city of Noville became a major industrial hub, with only the cities Industria and Platwell having a greater industrial capacity. In terms of discoveries, things such as the discovery of electricity by Dr. W.D Gaster in 1761 would be very important in the century, whilst inventions such as the Vaccine by Dr. George A.Merican would help save many lives from disease. Other curiosities of the era include Oxygen and the invention of Carbonated water by Sidney Kim, but this doesn't compare to the important discovery of the era, electricity, discovered by Dr. W.D Gaster in 1752, a discovery which would come to redefine society in the 19th century.

Economics was also radically altered during the period, as the Panic of 1736-39 caused the collapse of the mercantilist system of the late 1600s and early 1700s and paved the way for the emergence of capitalism. As a result, the government could no longer finance merchants, causing the nobility to shift investments from ventures in the Eastern Underground and Tokoaga to early industrialists such as Caldwell Lamb, founder of Cadwell Mining. This move helped initiate the Great Resource Move of the mid-1800s. However, the nobles' financing of industrialists ultimately led to their loss of power, as industrialists gained more capital and surpassed them in dominance in society. The Welch administration heavily taxed nobility, considering them detrimental to societal progress, and instead preferred the industrialists, who became a crucial voting group for the Liberals during this period.

During this period, warfare was significantly transformed due to the Traditionalist Rising, which resulted in the first mass conscription since the Human-Monster War. Both the Liberals and Traditionalists moved away from professional armies and relied on conscripts to enhance their operational flexibility. However, this reliance on conscripts was met with criticism, particularly from the Traditionalists who believed that professional soldiers from the nobility were superior to conscripts. Following the Liberals' triumph, conscription was dismantled as the government was unwilling to fund a massive standing army of constricts.

During the Enlightenment period, religion underwent significant changes as the pursuit of knowledge through reason, evidence, natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state conflicted with the traditional views of the Anglican Church. These views emphasized the importance of social hierarchies and the need to maintain traditional institutions, including the Anglican Church and absolute monarchy. Some members of the Anglican Church even argued for a return to absolute monarchy, which led to tension and opposition to Enlightenment ideals and figures, with Supreme Priest Elmer I outright declaring the Enlightenment a threat to the Kingdom of Monsters and Christianity, as he considered that they would try to abolish religion. Most of the Anglican Church defected to the Traditionalists during the Traditionalist Rising, but Cardinal John VI and his followers opted to remain loyal to the government, as they favored the Enlightenment ideas. On November 29, 1745, John VI was appointed as the Supreme Priest because he was the highest member of the Church who did not join the Traditionalists. After his appointment on November 29, 1745, John VI served as the Supreme Priest until he died in 1779. After John VI died in 1779, Paul XII, who shared John VI's liberal views, succeeded him as Supreme Priest. Paul XII is well known for introducing the 1781 Reforms, which allowed priests to celebrate Mass in the local language, addressing the needs of the Church's non-English speaking community. Before this change, Mass could only be held in Latin or English, which caused dissatisfaction among the Underground's Non-English speaking population who welcomed the new reform as it enabled them to participate in the Mass without having to learn Latin or English.

During the Enlightenment, there was a shift away from the traditional authority of religion towards the belief in freedom, individualism, and reason. This change had a profound impact on science and literature during this period. Science began to be seen as a path to progress, and rational thought, empirical evidence, and the scientific method were valued as legitimate sources of knowledge. This led to the popularization of science, scientific societies, and academies, and the displacement of traditional natural philosophy and medical doctrines.

Enlightenment thinkers rejected superstition and emphasized the importance of rational thought, challenging established beliefs including traditional institutions. Scientific discoveries had a profound impact on the values and beliefs of people during this period, with the focus on reason and empirical evidence leading to the creation of enlightened literature. Enlightenment literature explored concepts such as liberty, freedom, and reason, giving rise to the development of Larionian literature. Famous books included The Federalist, which gave rise to the Federalist movement in the Underground, gaining popularity in the 19th century. Another important text of the era was Mark Booth's 1729 book, Principles of Civil Government, Booth advocated for a constitutional monarchy and democratic parliament, one of the first authors to do so. As the Enlightenment emphasized rational thought and challenged traditional beliefs, institutions, and practices, it led to a shift in intellectual and philosophical movements. This shift led to the intellectual heritage of various movements, including liberalism, communism, and neoclassicism, which have all been traced back to the Enlightenment.

Industrial Revolution and The Great Reform Act
. In 1712, Dr. W.D. Gaster invented the steam engine, originally meant to be used to clear water from flooded mines. This was a result of monsters moving from wood to coal as their main fuel source, the steam engine would be improved by Norman Row in 1775. The effects of the steam engine cannot be underestimated, with the invention of the steam engine freeing manufacturers from the need to locate their factories on or near sources of water power, leading to large enterprises beginning to concentrate in rapidly growing industrial cities.

During the Early 1750's, the House of Commons was deadlocked and were unable to pass any bills or laws during this period of time. In order to end the deadlock, the House of Commons drafted the House of Commons Act in 1754. The act created the office of Prime Minister, which was intended to guide the House of Commons. It was officially created in February of 1754 after King Asgore and Parliament signed the act into law. The position was vacant until May until then Royal Guard Chief Gerson Boom became the very first PM, after the Commons and Asgore agreed making Gerson Boom into the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Monsters.

The era also saw the heyday of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which saw the rapid increase of labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries. Agricultural output grew faster than the population over the hundred-year period ending in 1770. This increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of the population in Underground from 1 Million in 1700 to 9 Million in 1800 and 34 Million by 1900. Using 1700 as a base year (=100), agricultural output per agricultural worker in the Underground steadily increased from about 50 in 1500 to around 65 in 1550, to 90 in 1600, to over 100 by 1650, to over 150 by 1750, rapidly increasing to over 250 by 1850. The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labor force, adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended: the Agricultural Revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution also saw many technological changes, such as the steam locomotive, which helped to transport people and goods across long distances, this helped in the settlement of the eastern Underground, with the population growing exponentially, with the East becoming ever more connected with the rest of the Underground in the 1800s. Many important discoveries were also made during this era, here's a list of the most important inventions during the Industrial Revolution:


 * The steam engine (1712) (used to power steam locomotives, steamboats, steamships, and machines in factories)


 * The spinning jenny (1764)


 * Electric generators and electric motors (1834)


 * The incandescent lamp (light bulb) (1879)


 * The Telegraph (1843) and telephone (1876)


 * The internal-combustion engine and gas train (1860)

and many others...

All of this revolutionized society in one way or another, the spinning jenny, for example, allowed more threads and yarns to be produced by fewer spinners. The early spinning jenny also produced a weaker thread than could be produced by hand so there was a decrease in quality until improvements were made to the machines and a dependable power source became available. With the use of water to power later versions of spinning and weaving machinery, the quality and strength of the cloth produced were greatly improved. While many factors in the Underground, including the availability of workers along with the increased demand for textiles, produced ideal conditions for the economic growth of the textile industry, without the invention of the spinning jenny, progress would have continued at a much slower pace. Whilst the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication, with messages being able to be sent nearly instantaneously, but with the drawback that a telegraphist was required to read and translate the Morse code in the recipient's language. This was solved with the invention of the telephone in 1876 by Hannibal Crawford, which allowed people to converse over long distances, thus removing the need for a telegraphist. The telephone would become very popular in the 20th century, with 78% of all households having a telephone by 1970.

The Industrial Revolution shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas. Whilst this was good, the Industrial Revolution also saw many cases of exploitation of the workers, as poor workers were often housed in cramped, grossly inadequate quarters. Working conditions were difficult and exposed employees to many risks and dangers, including cramped work areas with poor ventilation, trauma from machinery, and toxic exposures to heavy metals, dust, and solvents. This exploitation led to the creation of Communism, as 19th-century socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat—a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions, the movement would rise after the publishing of The Communist Manifesto by Cassian Walker in 1848, Walker would also publish The Capital in 1867, the two becoming his two most renowned and popular works, only being outsold by the Bible. He would be one of the founding members of the Communist League of the Underground, with Gerardo Ferrera and Werner Stauss, the CLU would become popular with the lower classes of the Underground, as many wanted better treatment by their bosses, this led eventually to the Revolts of 1872, in which many workers attempted to form Communes in their cities, the most famous and widespread being the Industria Revolt, in which workers overthrew the corporate town which was in the modern Industria area, and proclaimed the Industria Commune on May 1, 1871. The Commune's success was shortlived as the companies had called units of the Royal Guard and their private security forces to disband the Commune, the Industria Commune was disbanded on May 13, 1871, and its leaders were arrested, but as many other towns revolted, parliament had decided to take action and passed the 1872 Labor Relations Act, the act legalized strikes, allowed the creation of unions and created the Royal Labour Relations Board or RLBR, but the bill also outlawed the Communist League of the Underground and other Socialist organizations, such as the Socialist Party of the Underground, but it also outlawed Social Democratic organizations, many of whom had commended the riots and called for a solution in the ballot box. Despite this the bill calmed down the workers and helped in the decrease in the support of Communism, but things would start the heat up in the mid-1880s.

On May 29, 1885, Inspired by the Communist and Socialist movement in the previous decade, the Women's Rights Association organized the Home March to protest the gender roles enforced by the Kingdom of Monsters. The Women's Rights Association had been founded by women who had been inspired by the events of the strikes of the 1870s and wanted to further promote women's rights. The march was comprised of 100,000 marchers and 220,000 spectators. The Home March would go down in history as a success, as it was well-organized, and peaceful and brought a wave of change to Home. They fought for the right to vote and the right to work, among other things. Protesters organized to march again in the following year with the March for our Rights, a march directed towards granting women these rights in Sunrise City. The protest gathered a crowd of 320,000 women who marched peacefully in the streets of Sunrise City with men refusing to interfere.

The 1886 election ended with a Liberal Victory, with the Liberals winning 272 seats in the election, and Colin Corbyn became Prime Minister. Corbyn's attention was directed toward addressing the growing suffragette movement, a coalition of women's rights activists who were organizing for political, legal, and social equality for women, and the exploitation of the workers. The Tories had passed laws that had previously marginalized workers and were seen to not do much to help them win fair working wages or improve their working conditions. Many Liberals felt that they could help the workers with better welfare reforms and more legislation. The most pressing concern was the working conditions of the working classes of the Underground in the factories and coal mines, which were said to be atrocious due to managerial mishandling. One of the first things that Corbyn did as Prime Minister was pass the 1886 Democracy Act, which legalized Communist and Socialist organizations as part of a political Liberalization proposed by Deputy PM Jackson Barker. After their legalization many of the Socialist and Communist organizations merged to create the Labour Party, which was officially created on May 1, 1891. The 1890 election was another Liberal Victory, with the Liberals winning 392 seats in the election. Labour had had its first 12 MPs elected. After winning the 1890 election by a landslide, many Liberals began supporting a bill called the Great Reform Act, which would address many of the concerns of the working classes of the Underground. The act was finalized in late 1891 after a long revision process was put to the House of Commons on October 1891, it passed with ease by a majority vote in Commons but was vetoed by the House of Lords, which considered it too radical, attempts to water down the bill were proposed but most Liberals wanted the full version of Bill without any compromises to pass, The Bill stalled for about a year, when King Asgore in what many called a surprise threatened to pack to the House of Lords with Liberal lords, after accepting that any future attempts to stop The Great Reform Act would be thwarted by Asgore, the House Of Lords voted for royal ascension for The Great Reform Act on November 1, 1892. The Great Reform Act affected all 28 million people living in the Underground, as many were given new found freedoms and rights. The clauses of the bill are as follows:

After the passing of the Great Reform Act, the rest of Corbyn's term was spent organizing the new Cabinet Positions, and in helping to raise support for the Liberals in the first gubernatorial and state parliament elections, this didn't go well for Corbyn, as many of the new Governors would be from the new Labour Party, as many saw them as a fresh alternative of the two-party system of the Liberals and the Conservatives. Corbyn and the Liberals would lose the 1896 election to the Teddy Roosevelt and the Labour Party, the first two years of the Abernathy administration would be at first quite calm, but it all would change in the start of the next century.
 * 1) All women are allowed to vote now
 * 2) The power of the House of Lords has been reduced significantly
 * 3) The Creation of a System of States which shall have a “governor who has been elected freely and fairly”, which can enact their laws as long as they are constitutional
 * 4) All company shall be merged into a new state “Industria”
 * 5) If a bill is vetoed more than five times in the House Of Lords, the bill shall now be put to a national plebiscite (this was added in at request of Corbyn)
 * 6) The cleaning up of boroughs that are “way to small to be justified”
 * 7) The capital city of the Kingdom of Monsters, shall now be an autonomous federal district, which shall have powers similar to that of the states mentioned above (later moved to New Home in 2010)
 * 8) All voters shall be registered now
 * 9) All “bought votes” shall be punishable by up to five years in prison
 * 10) The Cabinet shall be divided now into “Departments/Secretaries/Offices” which are as follows:
 * The Department of Energy (abolished in 1951)
 * The Department of Justice (Royal Justice appointed by the King/Queen)
 * The Department of War (In charge of the Royal Guard, Royal Capitan appointed by the King/Queen)
 * The Department of Labour
 * The Department of Agriculture
 * The Department of Health and Monster Services
 * The Department of Housing and Urban Development
 * The Department of Education
 * The Department of Human-Monster affairs (established in 2010)
 * The Department of Technology (established in 1969)
 * The Office Of Civil Defense (established in 1953)