User:Caio79 (Brazil)

HeDing text
1889: The Viscount of Ouro Preto (Liberal)

1889-1890: Viscount of Maracaju (Independent)

1890-1891: Deodoro da Fonseca (Conservative)

1891-1893: Antônio da Silva Prado (Conservative)

1893-1895: -(Conservative)

1895-1898: Joaquim Nabuco (Liberal)

1898-1899: - (Conservative)

1899-1902: Rui Barbosa (Liberal)

(Failed coup/Chaos)

1902 - 1906: Military (1906)

(Failed coup/Chaos)

1906 - 1907: (1907)

1907 - 1909: Júlio Bueno Brandão (Liberal Conservative)

1909 - 1910: Rodrigues Alves (Liberal Conservative)

1910 - 1911: Júlio Bueno Brandão (Liberal Conservative)

1911 - 1915: Minas Gerais clique hardliner type (1912)

1915 - 1917: Epitácio Pessoa (Liberal Conservative)

(1917) 1917 - 1919: Artur Bernardes (Liberal Conservative)

1919 - 1921: Independent nobleman, dinstant relative to the imperial family (Made the Paulistas fall a bit)

(1921) 1921 - 1924: far-right clique, kinda outsider

(1924) 1924 - 1926: Radical/Independent, Diplomat and politician (incapable)

(1926) 1926 - 1929: Gaucho/Northern clique (Forced to resign, puppet of some guy)

1929 - 1930: Diplomat and ideologue (Interim) (São Paulo - far right clique compromise) (Some crisis idk)

(1930) 1930 - 1932: Washington Luís (Liberal Conservative)

1930 - 1940: Plínio Salgado (Integralist)

May 1940 - June 1941: Military

June 1941 - June 1942: Center Left

June 1942 - December 1942: Center Left

December 1942 - July 1943 : Center Right

July 1943 - March 1946: Osvaldo Aranha (1943, 1946) (Liberal Nationalist)

March 1946 - July 1949: Center Left

(1949) July 1949 - March 1951: Minority Center Left

March 1951 - November 1954: Center (1952)

November 1954 - May 1955: Caretaker

May 1955 - October 1956: Alberto Pasqualini (Labor)

October 1956 - March 1957: Center

March 1957 - May 1958: Center Left

May 1958 - November 1958: Center Left

November 1958 - August 1959: Caretaker

(1959) August 1959 - January 1960: Center Left

January 1960 - July 1962: Center

July 1962 - April 1963: Center minority

(1963) April 1963 - December 1964: Center

December 1964 - September 1965: Caretaker

September 1965 - December 1968: Afonso Arinos (June 1968) (Progressive)

December 1968 - February 1972: Juscelino Kubitschek (Progressive)

February 1972 - November 1974: Center Right (1972) (Brazilian Democratic)

November 1974 - August 1979: Leonel Brizola (July 1976) (Labor)

(1979) August 1979 - Octouber 1980: Ulysses Guimarães (Progressive)

October 1980 - December 1982: Itamar Franco (Labor)

December 1982 - August 1983: Magalhães Pinto (National Democratic)

(1983) August 1983 - April 1987: Center Left

April 1987 - July 1987: Center Right

(1987) July 1987 - April 1988: Center Left

April 1988 - July 1989: Center Left

July 1989 - June 1992: Center Left

(1992) April 1992 - April 1994: Fernando Collor

April 1994 - June 2000: Silvio Santos (1994, 1998)

June 2000 - April 2002: Enéas Carneiro

(2002, 2006) April 2002-2009: Lula

2009-2010: Gilberto Gil

2010-2011: Lula (2010)

2011-2014: Marta Suplicy

(2014) 2014-2018: Levy Fidelix

(2018) 2018-2022: Ciro Gomes

Geography
The territory of mainland Brazil is cut by two imaginary circles: the Equator, which passes through the mouth of the Amazon, and the Tropic of Capricorn, which cuts through the municipality of São Paulo. The country occupies a vast area along the eastern and southernmost coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land borders with Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest and Venezuela. It also shares a border with the three Guyanas in the north. It also encompasses a series of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, São Pedro and São Paulo and Trindade and Martim Vaz to the east, and the sole Paolish Island in its southeastern coast. Its size, relief, climate and natural resources make Brazil a geographically diverse country.

The country is the (number) largest in the world in land area, after (countries), the largest in America, with a total area of (number) km². Its territory spans (number) time zones, including all the overseas Provinces and Territories that make up the Empire.

Demographics
The population of Brazil, according to the census carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2019, was (number) inhabitants, with a proportion of men and women of (number) and (number)% of the population defined as urban. The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeast (number million inhabitants), Northeast (number million), North (number million), South (number million), Midwest (number million), overseas (number million).

Brazil is the (number) most populous nation in the world and is one of the only developed countries, along with the (country), where there are prospects for an increase in a large part of the population. With a birth rate of (number) per thousand, (number)% below the world average, its population growth rate is (number)%, significantly higher than (countries) and similar to that of the (country). .

The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are the metropolitan areas of São Paulo (number), (city) (number) and (city) (number). Almost all capitals are the largest cities in their provinces, with exceptions such as Vitoria, the capital of Espirito Santo and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan regions, such as (various cities).

Languages
Brazil has (number) official languages, Portuguese, spoken by almost the entire population and compulsory taught in all schools in the country, used in the media, in business and for administrative purposes. Portuguese is considered the main language of the country, with the Empire of Brazil being the only lusophone in America besides Counani who has it as a co-oficial language, the Portuguese language has become an important part of the Brazilian national identity.

Brazilian Portuguese had its own development, influenced by Amerindian, African and other European languages. As a result, this variant is slightly different, mainly in phonology, from Lusitanian Portuguese. These differences are comparable to those between American English and British English. In 2008, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which includes representatives from all countries whose official language is Portuguese, reached an agreement on the standardization of the language's spelling, with the aim of reducing the differences between the two variants. All CPLP countries were given a period of 2009 to 2016 to adapt to the necessary changes.

Minority languages are spoken throughout the country. The 2010 census counted 305 indigenous ethnic groups in Brazil, who speak 274 different languages. Of the indigenous people aged five or more, 37.4% spoke an indigenous language and 76.9% spoke Portuguese. There are also significant communities of German (mostly Hunsrückisch, a High German dialect) and Italian (mainly Talian, of Venetian origin) speakers in the south of the country, which are influenced by the Portuguese language.

Ethnic composition
According to the 2015 IBGE census, number% are White (about number million), number% are (race) (about number million), number% are (race) (about number million), number% are (race) (about number million), number% are Indigenous (about number million), and number% are Asian (about number).

In the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About six million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them from Germany, Italy, (country), (country), Poland, (country), (country), (country), Japan, the Middle East and parts of Africa.

A unique feature of Brazil among other developed countries is its lack of racial enclaves. ((Unlike countries like the USA, where blacks and whites usually have their own separate neighborhoods, or France and the United Kingdom, where Muslim or Afro-descendant communities have separate neighborhoods from whites,)) in Brazil this is, if not non-existent, at least rare. Brazilian culture is usually more welcoming and this racial integration, for example with Muslim communities, is "crucial for public order and the integration of immigrants into Brazilian society", says sociologist (name), who exposes the rarity of problems with the integration of immigrants in Brazil, different from European countries, for example.

Government and Politics
he Empire of Brazil is formed by the union of (00) Provinces and an Imperial District (the official capital). Despite being a monarchy, Brazil receives a lot of republican influence. In this way, the provinces function as small republics federated by the Crown, or Central Government. The Brazilian Constitution, in force since 1824, establishes the "quadripartite" branches of government, the Executive, the Legislative, the Judiciary, in addition to the Moderator. The executive and the legislature are organized independently in all spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized only at the national level and in the provincial/Imperial District spheres. The moderating power is exclusive to the monarch. Members of the Legislative Body are directly elected. Judges and other court officials are appointed after passing entrance exams. Voting is optional and can be exercised by literate people between 16 and 80 years old. Almost all government and administrative functions are carried out by authorities and agencies affiliated with the Executive. The form of government is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Constitutionally, or Emperor, unlike most other monarchies, is not sovereign, but a servant of sovereignty, which belongs to the people. The Monarch is the head of state of Brazil, and holds the Moderating Power. The Prime Minister is the Head of the Government of Her Imperial Majesty, who, assisted by the Secretary General of State and the Ministers of State, exercises the highest administrative direction of the country. The current Emperor is D. Luiz II of Brazil, crowned in 2010 after the resignation of his brother Emperor D. Rafael of Brazil. Currently, the Head of the Government of His Imperial Majesty is the President of the Council of Ministers of the Empire of Brazil Ciro Ferreira Gomes, leader of the Brazilian Labor Party and member of the Chamber of Representatives of the Empire of Brazil for the Province of CearÃ¡. Prime Minister Gomes has been in office since (date).

Parliament
The Parliament of the Empire of Brazil is a bicameral legislature of the Union, composed of the Chamber of Deputies of the Empire of Brazil (Low Chamber) and the Senate of the Empire of Brazil (High Chamber). The Senate has (000) seats. The House of Representatives has (000) members. The Parliament - the union between the Senate and the Chamber, swore in the Prime Minister. Each parliamentarian in the Chamber of Deputies has a mandate of 4 years, at the most, and are entitled to undetermined re-elections. The Senate works differently since (see in more depth later). The Constitution provides for a multi-party system, with (number) major parties: (names). ((Politicians accused or denounced for any type of corruption are automatically expelled from their mandates and exiled from politics, eternally if they are guilty, or until proven innocent.))

Deputy Prime Minister
The General Secretariat of the Empire of Brazil is the direct advisory body of the Prime Minister. It is popularly called (name), because (explanation). Its central objective is to assist the Prime Minister in the management of the country, for this reason the holder of this position ends up assuming the functions of a "deputy prime minister". Despite being an advisory body, it has considerable political autonomy and control over ministries.

It is considered by many to be a "superministry", due to its supervisory power over other executive bodies and agents. The Secretary General of the Empire, is responsible for, in addition to assisting the Prime Minister, carrying out the integration between the Provinces of the Empire with the Imperial Government and Parliament. In addition, the General Secretary is regarded as the "right-hand man of His Majesty, the Emperor", given that the holder of this position reports the internal events of the Government and from Parliament to the monarch almost daily, unlike the Prime Minister who meets weekly with the holder of the Crown. The current Secretary General of the Empire is (person).

Law
Brazilian law is based on the civil code tradition, part of the Roman-Germanic system. Thus, civil law concepts prevail over common law practices. Most Brazilian legislation is codified, although non-codified statutes are a substantial part of the system, playing a complementary role. Court rulings and explanatory guidance, however, are not binding on other specific cases, except in certain situations.

Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have a strong influence on the creation of law and on cases of law. The legal system is based on the Constitution, which was enacted on (date) and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and decisions of courts of law must correspond to its principles. Provinces have their own constitutions, which must not conflict with the national constitution. Municipalities and the Capital District do not have their own constitutions; instead, they have organic laws. Legislative bodies are the main source of statutes, although, on certain issues, bodies of the judiciary and executive branches may enact legal norms.

Jurisdiction is administered by entities of the Brazilian judiciary, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to interfere in judicial decisions. There are specialized jurisdictions such as the Military Court, the Labor Court and the Electoral Court. The highest court is the Imperial Supreme Court. This system has been criticized in recent decades due to the slowness with which final decisions are issued. Appeal lawsuits can take several years to resolve and, in some cases, over a decade to expire before final decisions are made.

Crime and Law Application
In Brazil, the constitution provides for three different police institutions, which are not subordinate to each other, for the execution of the law: the Imperial Federal Police, the National Police, the Coast Guard, all linked to the central government. Still according to a constitution, it is up to the provinces or the role of organizing their police, where it is a police force responsible for a National Police. All police institutions are the responsibility of the executive branch of any of the federal or provincial governments.

According to a constitution, the function of the Imperial Federal Police is to curb and investigate crimes committed against the Union or that have national or international repercussions, such as terrorism, international drug trafficking, illegal immigration, embezzlement, among others.

The function of the National Police is ostensive police and maintenance of public order and investigation of criminal offenses that occur in the territories under its jurisdiction, in addition to exercising the function of airport, border and road police on federal highways. The National Police can also act in support of the provincial police in situations of public disturbance, originating anywhere in the national territory.

The Coast Guard's function is to exercise the role of maritime and customs police, curbing and investigating criminal offenses committed in the exclusive economic zone, such as smuggling, embezzlement, illegal immigration, among others, in addition to overseeing and combating environmental crimes. The Coast Guard serves as an auxiliary reserve for the Imperial Brazilian Navy.

Also according to the constitution, the provincial police are responsible for ostensive police functions and maintenance of public order and investigation of criminal offenses, in addition to being, together with the National Police, the force and reserve of the Imperial Brazilian Army. In some provinces it is up to the police to organize and maintain fire departments.

Despite being one of the most severe in the world, it is considered by many of the most modern and humanist ones. The death penalty is not practiced in the country, it was abolished by D.Pedro II for cases of common crimes, ((only being applied according to the Constitution in cases of declared war, crimes of treason, and crimes against humanity, under the terms of the Penal Code Military)). The maximum penalty is therefore, by the Constitution, life imprisonment.

Notes because I don't know where to put these
https://www.ufsj.edu.br/portal2-repositorio/File/revistaestudosfilosoficos/art10-rev3.pdf Persecution of republicans -> Stablishment and aristocracy has been empowered again -> Some reforms to the status quo starts to appear -> They get ousted and the oligarchic regime is implemented -> Parliament curbs empress

Remember Campos Salles

Rodrigues Alves -> Infraestructure, good economy; Afonso Pena -> Railways, immigration; Hermes -> Army-centric; Brás -> Civil code, factories; Delfim Moreira -> Mad; Epitácio Pessoa -> Anti-drought, army and labor reforms; Bernardes -> Represseive; Washington -> Roads

https://www.econ.puc-rio.br/uploads/adm/trabalhos/files/Henrique_Cadime_Duque_Estrada_Meyer.pdf Industrialization notes. Also, less industrialisation before the 30s because no WW1

https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/12462/000627005.pdf;sequence=1 JK notes

https://anovafederacaodip.wordpress.com/2020/12/09/positivismo-gaucho-brasileiro-trabalhismo-brasileiro-e-republica-positiva-uma-historia-resumida-capitulo-ii/ Names

Roberto Campos - PAEG