1948 United States Presidential Election (Stars and Stripes Forever)

The 1948 United States Presidential Election was the 41st Quadrennial Presidential Election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. The Republican ticket of General Douglas MacArthur and Senator Robert Taft defeated incumbent Democratic President Harry Truman, in what is considered one of the greatest political upsets in American history.

Truman had ascended to the presidency in April 1945 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Defeating attempts to drop him from the ticket, Truman won the presidential nomination at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. The Democratic convention's civil rights plank caused a walk-out by several Southern delegates, who launched a third-party "Dixiecrat" ticket led by Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. The Dixiecrats hoped to win enough electoral votes to force a contingent election in the House of Representatives, where they could extract concessions from either MacArthur or Truman in exchange for their support. Truman also faced a challenge from his party in the form of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who launched the Progressive Party and challenged Truman's confrontational Cold War policies. MacArthur, extremely popular for his win of the Pacific theater of World War II was faced with a fierce battle from Governor Thomas Dewey. However, MacArthur energized his supporters in new ways, and selected Senator Robert A Taft as his running mate.

MacArthur ran a tough campaign, helping to energize Republicans. He also was strongly against the New Deal, but chose to limit his negative talk of it. Truman also ran a hard campaign, but failed to gain enough midwestern support. MacArthur heavily criticized Truman, running a massive campaign under the slogan of "Win With Mac."

Despite the three-way split in the Democratic Party, many official predictions had MacArthur losing hugely, as Truman was Vice President to a popular president. Instead, MacArthur defied all expectations by winning in a landslide victory. Republicans also maintained control of both chambers of Congress. Thus, the election affirmed the status of the Republican Party as America's majority party.

Republican Party Nomination
Early on in the primaries, the main candidates were Governor Thomas Dewey of New York and Senator Robert Taft of Ohio. Dewey was the leader of the party's more moderate and liberal eastern wing, whilst Taft was the leader of the more conservative midwestern wing. Many expected Dewey to win the nomination, as he was considered a safe candidate for the Republicans. However, most Republicans disliked him on a personal level, describing him as cold and stiff. However, the "surprise" candidate was General Douglas MacArthur. While MacArthur had flirted with politics before in 1944, he hadn't made a serious campaign, as he was busy fighting in Asia at the time. However, MacArthur, at the time serving as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Japan, was now about to make a serious campaign effort. MacArthur's popularity was soaring, and he soon announced his campaign. He quickly became a close ally of Taft, with the latter campaigning for him.

However, Dewey seemed determined to gain the nomination, and in April of 1948 he and MacArthur engaged in the first ever radio debate between presidential candidates. An estimated 40 million people listened. MacArthur was generally considered the winner of the debate, and went on to extensively campaign, spending over $200,000 on billboards, radio spots, and half-hour broadcasts. He also extensively campaigned in Oregon during short trips to the mainland, though it was difficult as he had to spend most of his time in Japan. Taft also extensively campaigned for MacArthur, however the idea of running mate had not yet been suggested.

Republican Convention
The 1948 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on national television. At this time, there were 27 television stations in full operation in the U.S. and an estimated 350,000 TV sets in the whole country. Dewey, worried of the scope of the MacArthur campaign, met in a hotel room with Governor Harold Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him to help stop MacArthur, but he refused. Soon, MacArthur was only 33 votes short of victory, and Dewey once again urged Stassen to endorse him. Stassen refused again, and Dewey, accepting defeat, wrote a concession speech and had it read to the convention during the third round of balloting.

MacArthur, pleased at his win, selected Taft to be his running mate, which reportedly surprised him. As he wrote in his autobiography "And then he [MacArthur] turned to me and said 'Rob, do you want to be Vice President?'" Following the convention, most political experts in the news media rated the Republican ticket as an almost certain loser, citing MacArthur's lack of political experience.

Democratic Party Nominee
On July 12, the Democratic National Convention convened in Philadelphia in the same arena where the Republicans had met a few weeks earlier. Spirits were high, as, despite losing both chambers of Congress in the 1946 Midterm Elections, the Democrats saw the MacArthur/Taft campaign as weak, a view shared by most of the newsmedia. Despite this early confidence, former Vice President Henry Wallace's new Progressive Party was ever growing, and there were worries that Wallace would garner enough votes to hand the large Midwestern states to MacArthur. In the South, Segregationists were angered by the growing voice of black votes outside the South, and hopes that President Truman would reverse this course were dashed in 1947, when he appointed a civil rights commission, convinced Southern Segregationists that to keep their voice heard, they had to form a third-party.

Despite Truman and his inner circle seeming to be almost oblivious of his unpopularity, a growing number of Democratic leaders began to realize how hated their incumbent was, and many suggested "dumping" Truman from the Democratic ticket and selecting and more popular candidate. However, none of them could agree on a singular candidate to endorse, similar to the problem that faced Thomas Dewey in the Republican Convention.

Democratic Convention
At the Democratic Convention, Truman was hesitant to show more open support for Civil Rights, however, he eventually did, and voiced strong support for civil rights that he had expressed at the NAACP convention in 1947. However, this strong support angered many Southern Democrats, and former Texas Governor Dan Moody proposed a plank that favored state's rights. Wisconsin Representative Andrew Biemiller proposed a strong civil rights plank that was more direct in its language than Truman's earlier proposal.

Truman, against the words of his advisors, chose to fully endorse Biemiller. With this, three dozen Southern delegates, including South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond, walked out of the convention. Those that remained nominated Senator Richard Russell Jr from Georgia as an attempt to rebuke Truman. Despite this, Truman was near-unanimously nominated, with only the remaining Southerns dissenting.