User:Caio79 (Brazil)

HeDing text
Soon

Notes because I don't know where to put these
https://www.ufsj.edu.br/portal2-repositorio/File/revistaestudosfilosoficos/art10-rev3.pdf Persecution of republicans -> Stablishment and aristocracy has been empowered again -> Some reforms to the status quo starts to appear -> They get ousted and the oligarchic regime is implemented -> Parliament curbs empress

Remember Campos Salles

Rodrigues Alves -> Infraestructure, good economy; Afonso Pena -> Railways, immigration; Hermes -> Army-centric; Brás -> Civil code, factories; Delfim Moreira -> Mad; Epitácio Pessoa -> Anti-drought, army and labor reforms; Bernardes -> Represseive; Washington -> Roads

https://www.econ.puc-rio.br/uploads/adm/trabalhos/files/Henrique_Cadime_Duque_Estrada_Meyer.pdf Industrialization notes. Also, less industrialisation before the 30s because no WW1

https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/12462/000627005.pdf;sequence=1 JK notes

https://anovafederacaodip.wordpress.com/2020/12/09/positivismo-gaucho-brasileiro-trabalhismo-brasileiro-e-republica-positiva-uma-historia-resumida-capitulo-ii/ Names

Roberto Campos - PAEG

Whatever
Belle Époque:

Deodoro da Fonseca - Yes. -

Cesário Alvim - Yes. -

Antônio da Silva Prado - Maybe. -

Francisco de Assis Rosa e Silva - Yes.

Afonso Pena - Yes. -

Joaquim Nabuco - Yes. -

Barão do Rio Branco - Yes. -

Ruy Barbosa - Yes. -

Paulino de Sousa - Yes. -

Marquês de Muritiba - No. -

Visconde de Sinimbu - No. -

José Antônio Saraiva - No. -

João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira - No. -

Eduardo Wandekolk - Yes. -

Rodrigo Augusto da Silva - No. - 2nd Baron of Tietê

José Mariano Carneiro da Cunha - Yes. -

Carlos de Laet - No. -

Alberto Torres - Yes. -

Viscount of Taunay - No. -

António Luis von Hoonoholtz - No. - Baron of Tefé -

Lafayatte Rodrigues - No.

Antônio Marcelino Nunes Gonçalves - No. - Viscount of São Luis do Maranhão -

Oligarchy:

Epitácio Pessoa - Yes. - 2nd Baron of Lucena - Still gets a seat around the same time as otl thanks to the support of local politicians; Liked Deodoro but not Floriano; Could be a minister of justice or foreign affairs; Elaborated a civil code while minister of justice in 1900 but was only approved in 1916 under the Brás government; Elaborate an upopular and rigid school code in 1901, tried to convince Salles to take action against the protests but he refused and later resigned of the office in the same year; Was a lawyer for sometime until Salles made him supreme court justice in 1902; 5 months later he was made general prosecutor while also being in the STF, he resigned of the office after Rodrigues Alves entred in conflict with J. J. Seabra; In 1909 Rio Branco trusted him the elaboration of a project of public international law code, done by the II pan-american conference in RJ in 1906 under the presidency of Joaquim Nabuco; Supported J. J. Seabra and denied the habeas corpus to the opposition governor of Bahia that was deposed in 1912; In June 1912 the junta internacional dos juridescontos met in order to examinate the projects of the international public and private law code according to the 1906 II pan-american conference, he was the Brazilian delegate along with Candido de Oliveira and presided the meeting; A month later he retired from the STF due to health concerns; Later in the same year he ran for a senate seat at the request of Paraiba politicians, his first speech was of self-defense, defending the legitmacy of his retirement; Supported Hermes da Fonseca who was been criticised by the press due to political militarism; In 1915 he became the political boss of his state; Was a member of the comission for legislation and justice of the senate; Was against the recognition of children born out of adultery or incest; After the death of Pinheiro Machado he ascended to a higher status on the senate; Supported amnesty to those who participated in the revolta da armada; Endores Rodrigues Alves in his second candidacy; Was the Brazilian delegate to the versailles conference at the request of Domício da Gama and returned with successful negotiations; Was indicated to be the successor of Delfim Moreira at the PRM's intiative, considering him a "neutral candidate", something that made him surprised; Ruy Barbosa alleged that he left the STF due to "physical incapabilties" to distance him from the dispute; Resited the pressure of military circles and appointed civilians to military ministries, declaring that the objective was to free the officers from administriative and political problems and to interest civilian elements in the study and decision of military problems, he later said in his book that idea came to him after seeing that in European countries; He entred office in 1917 while Brazil suffered from a strike problem, refering to the situation as a financial crisis he highlighted inflation problems, carestia de vida, financial deficit of foreign loans that already totalized two contracts of the funding loan in 16 years; Adter Brazil participated in the 1919 conferation of labor in Washington he urged the congress to sign labor laws about work hours and protections for children, women and health, the idea was met with a lack of interest by them; Despite government repressions the strikes from early 1917 continued until 1919; In Janaury 1921 the Adolfo Gordo law regulamented the repression of anarchism and sanctions against those accused of depedration, bomb making and other ilegal activities, as well as the closing of trade unions and other civilian organisations; Ruy Barbosa left his office as the representative of Brazil in the league of nations due to Pessoa's intervention in favor of the Bahia stablishment and made passionate statements about it; In 1920 Epitacio felt losing his independence of party functions due to pressure from the big states to fight the crisis, specially those of SP, whose governor Washington Luís, threatned giving up support on him after his heavy intervention against congress interrupting a project of emission asked by said state; The conflict continued after the discussion of a project to created new taxes, attaclrd by RS, SP and RJ, the publication of an article atributed to Pessoa in the jornal do comércio that criticised the big states, lead to the majority leader Carlos de Campos leaving in protest, despite all this the project came to be in 1921; In Novemeber Hermes da Fonseca came back to Brazil and became the natural leader of the military in reaction to the government, in the next year officers had a few conflicts with minister Calógeras; The opposition of the big states against Pessoa lead to the states of the north searching a balance with southern forces, but said efforts failed and lead to him gaining an even lower image; He refused to indicate someone for president but desired for the vp to be a northerner, a conflict between Bahia's J. J. Seabra and Pernambuco's José Bezerra lead to Maranhão's Urbano Santos gaining the office, BA and PE then allied with RS against Bernardes; In January 1922 he vetoed the army budget due to it presenting a deficit higher than 350.000 bucks, despite the protests along eith threats about calling the STF, the budget was approved; Between the annoucement of the results of the 1922 election the military made a few revolts, Epitacio repressed them and declared a state of siege where several people were jailed and he lei da Impresa was made (probably censorship); He was criticised about letting the revolt happen instead of avoiding it, accuing him of ditatorial measures; The main initiatives of the Epitácio Pessoa government were the creation of the National Department of Public Health in the Ministry of Justice, the transfer of the Fishing Service from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Navy, with the aim of nationalizing fishing activities, and the creation of several bodies and divisions in the Ministry of Agriculture to meet specific objectives. Still in this ministry, the government created, with the aim of alleviating problems related to the cost of living, the Superintendence of Supply, which replaced the Commissariat of Food, an entity organized in 1917 with the purpose of regulating trade conditions made difficult by virtue of the war. Pressured by the producers who complained about the Commissariat's action, but pressured by agrarian agitations, when taking over the government Epitácio decided to institute an intermediary, transitional mechanism, in charge of promoting the “gradual and cautious return to full freedom of transactions”. In addition to imposing restrictive measures, the Superintendence regulated free fairs and free zones.; An important initiative was also the impetus given to the plan to combat droughts in the Northeast, which, however, would later be abandoned during the Artur Bernardes government. Through Decree No. 3965, of December 25, 1919, the works against droughts began, awarded by contract to three foreign firms, which, for infringing the norms of public competition, cost Epitácio's plan severe criticism from the opposition. In the teaching and education sector, the government created, on September 7, 1920, the University of Rio de Janeiro, initially constituted by the Polytechnic School and by the faculties of Medicine and Law of Rio.; Aiming to implement the steel industry in Brazil, Epitácio supported the project of the Itabira Iron Ore Company, whose representative was the North American Percival Farquhar. The contract was signed in 1920 and, according to its terms, the company could export iron ore from the deposits of Itabira, currently Itabira do Mato Dentro (MG), undertaking, in return, to build and operate blast furnaces, power plants of steel and rolling trains, as well as two railroads that would depart from Itabira and the port of Santa Cruz (ES), joining the Vitória-Minas Railroad. For Epitácio, due to the problem with the exchange box, any inflow of foreign capital should deserve government support, and Itabira would employ around 60 million dollars in the country. The contract, however, generated intense controversy, as opposition circles considered it harmful to national interests. The most serious opposition to the Itabira contract came from the government of Minas Gerais, both in the Artur Bernardes administration and in the of his successor, Raul Soares.; Epitácio handed over the presidency to his successor, Artur Bernardes, on November 15, 1922, and the following day he left for Europe, where he remained until July 1923. In September of that last year, the Council of the League of Nations appointed him to fill the vacancy left open at the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague following the death of Rui Barbosa; On the eve of the homage, Correio da Manhã, the newspaper that had led the strong opposition campaign during his government, in an editorial accused the former president of the Republic of having received bribes from some sugar exporters. According to the newspaper, Epitácio would have accepted a jewel offered to his wife in exchange for the suspension of certain restrictive measures issued by the Supply Superintendence regulating the export of that product. According to the journalist Mário Rodrigues – author of the article and director of the newspaper in the absence of Edmundo Bittencourt –, this measure led to the export of large quantities of sugar, carried out by the “hoarders” Araújo Franco and Dias Tavares, resulting in the lack and raising the price of the product to the detriment of the popular economy. Called “The Reprobate” by the columnist, Epitácio sued Mário Rodrigues in court, which convicted him of the crime of slander.; Supported by João Suassuna; Disliked Luís's financial reform based on monetary stabilization; Supported João Pessoa and the 1930 revolution; Due to his ascention seemingly being linked to the death of Machado and WWI maybe if he were to become PM it should be around either in the 1900s to 1910s or as an interim, or maybe he just stays doing diplomatic or law work

Rodrigues Alves - Yes. - 21 - Conservative

Francisco Campos - Yes. - 48

Artur Bernardes - Yes. - 149

Hermes da Fonseca - Yes. - 20 - Conservative

Washington Luís - Yes. - 16 - Liberal or Conservative

Altino Arantes - Yes. - Finishing his preparatory studies at Colégio São Luís, in Itu (SP), at the age of 16 he entered the Faculty of Law of São Paulo and there participated in Bucha, a secret society that prospered in that academy and played an important role in the São Paulo policy. Graduating in 1895, he opened a law firm in Batatais; He was elected federal deputy for the Paulista Republican Party (PRP) for the 1906-1908 and 1909-1911 legislatures. In the Chamber of Deputies, his main speeches dealt with the appreciation of coffee, the Caixa de Conversão and the expulsion of foreigners. He also opposed the suppression of the Brazilian diplomatic representation in the Vatican. In 1911, he resigned from office to take over the Interior Affairs Secretariat of São Paulo, in the government of Manuel Joaquim de Albuquerque Lins (1908-1912). He remained in office during the São Paulo presidency of Rodrigues Alves (1912-1916), during which time he was also interim secretary of Finance and Agriculture. During his administration, he was especially concerned with primary education, particularly in rural areas of the state, and with public hygiene. He was also one of the main supporters of the creation of the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo, in 1912. In 1914, he assumed the presidency of the National Defense League, a civic entity that defended compulsory military service; Member of the steering committee of the PRP, in the succession of Rodrigues Alves, he was nominated candidate for vice president of the state on the list headed by João Álvares Rubião Júnior. With his death during the campaign, he replaced him as candidate for president, thanks to the decisive support of Rodrigues Alves. This choice, however, contradicted a wing of the party led by Júlio de Mesquita, who opened a dissent during the November 1915 convention, in which his candidacy was ratifie; Elected president of São Paulo in March and sworn in in May 1916, he governed the state until 1920, having thus faced the difficult period of workers' strikes from 1917 to 1919, against which he acted with severe repressive measures. During his administration, he always defended São Paulo's interests with the Union government, protesting when the Federal Treasury created a new tax that disproportionately fell on São Paulo's industry. In effect, the federal government increased its collection in São Paulo, whose share in the total tax revenue rose from 1/3 to 50%. On the other hand, he obtained loans from the federal government in order to buy the surplus coffee crop, in order to avoid the drop in the price of the product. He also signed an agreement with the president of Paraná for an amicable solution to the question of pending boundaries between the two states; In March 1918, Rodrigues Alves was elected for the second time President. With the worsening of his health, however, he was unable to take office on November 15, being replaced by Vice President Delfim Moreira. With his death in January 1919, new elections were called. Altino Arantes was one of the names remembered for the presidential succession, but his candidacy, forwarded by the PRP, was vetoed by the Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM). To preserve the São Paulo-Minas alliance, Epitácio Pessoa was chosen as candidate; After leaving the São Paulo government in 1920, handing it over to Washington Luís, Altino Arantes returned to the Chamber of Deputies in 1921, renewing his mandate until 1930. However, he remained linked to the politics of his state. In 1924, he opposed Washington Luís' nomination of Carlos de Campos as his successor in the presidency of São Paulo, while at the same time protesting the PRP's nomination of Lacerda Franco's name to the Federal Senate. By virtue of this position, he led the formation of a dissident wing of the PRP, known as “coligados”, to run in elections against the official ticket.; With the capture of the state capital by the Tenente revolt in July 1924, which led to the abandonment of the city by President Carlos de Campos, supported Mayor Firmiano Pinto's initiative to stop direct understandings with the revolutionaries in order to avoid prolong the disorder in the city. Still during the government of Carlos de Campos, he was the first president of the Bank of the State of São Paulo; In 1930, he headed the Commission for the Recognition of Powers that examined the results of the March elections, having approved the mass non-recognition (or “beheading”) of candidates elected by the Liberal Alliance in Paraíba and Minas Gerais. His performance in this episode earned him a strong opposition campaign driven by Diário Nacional, an organ of the Democratic Party (PD) of São Paulo. With the victory of the October Revolution of 1930, and the dissolution of the country's legislative bodies, he lost his mandate.; With the deepening of the conflict between the federal government and the political forces of São Paulo, the PRP and the PD allied themselves, giving rise to the Frente Única Paulista (FUP). On February 16, the FUP released a manifesto proclaiming the union of São Paulo parties in the fight for the prompt re-constitutionalization of the country and for the restitution to São Paulo of the autonomy it had been deprived of since the revolution. Altino Arantes also signed this manifesto and, when the evolution of the crisis resulted in the outbreak of the Revolution of 1932, he actively participated in the movement. He collaborated with Colonel Euclides Figueiredo in preparing the armed struggle plan, and during the conflagration he spoke on Rádio Bandeirantes, condemning the federal government and supporting the struggle of the people of São Paulo. When victory by arms proved impossible, he adhered to Raul Pilla and Borges de Medeiros' armistice proposal. With the defeat of the Constitutionalist Revolution, he went into exile in Lisbon; Back in Brazil in 1934, he assumed the presidency of the PRP and the following year he even ran for indirect elections for the government of São Paulo, being however defeated by Armando de Sales Oliveira, who since 1933 had been governing the state as a federal intervenor. In 1938, already under the Estado Novo, he held the position of vice-president of the Brazilian delegation to the VIII International American Conference, held in Lima, as plenipotentiary minister. After the fall of the Estado Novo, he was elected in December 1945 deputy for São Paulo to the National Constituent Assembly in the Republican Party (PR) caption. He participated in the works that resulted in the promulgation of the new Constitution (9/18/1946) and, in the ordinary legislature that followed, he was a member of the Constitution and Justice Commission and opposed the annulment of the mandates of communist parliamentarians; Could be used between the early 1920s to the late years of the regime, probably as Bernardes' Paulista sucessor

Venceslau Brás - Yes. - 8/9 - Brandão

Fernando de Melo Viana - Yes. - 6

Pandiá Calógeras - Yes. - 9

Ribeiro de Andrada - Yes. - 165

Júlio Prestes - Yes. - 5 - Liberal

José Maria Wihtaker - Yes. - 11 - Monarchist

Pinheiro Machado - Yes. - 8

Delfim Moreira - Yes. - 18

Otávio Mangabeira - Yes. - 74

Afrânio de Melo Franco - Yes. - 25 -

Olegário Maciel - Yes. - 14 - Liberal

Miguel Costa - Yes. - 24 -

Pre Integralist:

Jackson de Figueiredo - Yes. -

Severino Sombra - No. -

Miguel Reale - No. -

Anor Butler Maciel - No. -

Populist:

Cordeiro de Farias - Yes. -

Eduardo Gomes - Yes. -

Osvaldo Aranha - Yes. -

Alberto Pasqualini -

João Mangabeira - Yes. -

Fernando Ferrari -

Ademar de Barros -

Pedro Ernesto Baptista -

Uncertanty:

Abelardo Jurema - Edna Lott -

Hermes Lima -

Walter Moreira Salles -

Josué de Castro -

Roberto Campos -

Roberto Silveira -

Ney Braga -

Mário Simonsen -

Jânio Quadros - Miguel Arraes -

Afonso Arinos -

Auro de Moura Andrade -

Celso Peçanha -

Ariano Suassuna -

Herbert Levy -

Francisco Julião -

Carlos Lacerda -

See the others in the document.

Contemporary: