2022 Philippine presidential election

The 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 9, 2022, as part of the 2022 general election. This was the 17th direct presidential election and 16th vice presidential election in the Philippines since 1935, and the sixth sextennial presidential and vice presidential election since 1992.

Incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte was ineligible for re-election because the president is limited to a single term under the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Incumbent vice president Leni Robredo was eligible for re-election but chose to run for the presidency instead. Therefore, this election determined the 17th president and the 15th vice president. The president and vice president are elected separately, so the two winning candidates can come from different political parties.

The election took place amidst the COVID-19 pandemic which had caused the country's economy to fall into recession. Other key issues were the controversial policies of President Duterte such as the War on Drugs, the destructive presidency of former president Ferdinand Marcos (Bongbong Marcos’ father), the country's relationships with China and the United States, management of the country's debt, rising inflation, and climate change.

The ticket of incumbent Vice President Leni Robredo and incumbent senator Francis Pangilinan won the presidency and vice presidency respectively, defeating their closest rivals, former senator Bongbong Marcos and Davao City mayor Sara Duterte. It was the first election since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1987 where the president was elected by a majority, and the first election since 2004 where the winning president and vice president came from the same presidential ticket. The election saw the highest turnout since 1998, with almost 57 million voters participating. Robredo received 33.3 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in the country, while Pangilinan is the first candidate to win the vice presidency by more that 1 million votes since Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in 1998.

Robredo became the first ever president from Camarines Sur while Pangilinan became the third vice president from Pampanga. This election was dubbed the “Third People Power Revolution” as a member of the Marcos family was once again denied from power by a popular movement.

Electoral system
According to the Constitution of the Philippines of 1987, the election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term-limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. The first-past-the-post voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency.

The vice-presidential election is separate, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. According to the Constitution, if two or more candidates get the most votes for either position, Congress shall vote from among them which shall be president or vice president, as the case may be.

For president
Opinion polls conducted before the filing of candidacies showed Robredo garnering about 40 percentage points of voting intentions. Her numbers significantly improved by early 2022, after the beginning of the campaign preiod. A survey conducted by Pulse Asia on December 1–6 showed Robredo polling far ahead of other presidential candidates, including her closest rival Bongbong Marcos, garnering over 40 percent. Surveys conducted by OCTA Research and Publicus Asia during the same period showed Robredo polling 43 and 47.75 percent respectively.

Results
Main article: Congressional canvass for the 2022 Philippine presidential election

Since the first automated election in 2010, preliminary results have been known overnight. The official results were canvassed by the Congress of the Philippines in the record time of two days. Vice President Leni Robredo was proclaimed president, while Senator Francis Pangilinan was proclaimed vice president, in a joint session at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on May 25. All but two certificates of canvass were canvassed; those from Argentina and Syria were not included in time, as Congress deemed the votes from those certificates won't change the result.

For president
The election broke several records. 56,917,397 citizens cast votes, an unprecedented number. Leni Robredo became the first candidate in the history of the Fifth Republic to win by a majority, scoring over 60 percent of the vote. This was the largest majority since 1981 (surpassing Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s 18,309,360 votes, 88 percent of the total); as the opposition boycotted that election, it was the largest majority since 1969 for a competitive election. Her margin of 34 percentage points, a ratio of more than two to one over her nearest rival was the most lopsided since 1953, when Ramon Magsaysay defeated the incumbent President Elpidio Quirino by a margin of 38 percentage points. Her 33,281,307 votes was not only the highest count ever recorded in a presidential election, but is also the most votes by a Filipino for any office in history. Her total votes surpassed the sum total of the two previous records combined.

Robredo won in most of Luzon including most of the Lingayen–Lucena corridor (including Metro Manila), except for Pangasinan and the City of Manila, Batanes, all of Southern Luzon and her home region of Bicol; she also won all of Visayas, and most of Mindanao except for the Davao Region, Sulu and Soccsksargen.

Marcos won in the Solid North except for Batanes, and the Davao Region except for Davao de Oro and in Sulu. Marcos also won in local absentee voting.

Pacquiao won in his adopted home province of Sarangani and home region of Soccsksargen, except for Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and South Cotabato. Moreno won in his home city of Manila, where he was the incumbent mayor. No other candidates won a province or city canvassed by Congress. Most notably, Lacson failed to carry his home province of Cavite or even his hometown of Imus.

Result by island group and region

 * Note: Basilan is divided by two regions: its capital city Isabela is a part of the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX), while the rest of its municipalities are in Bangsamoro (BARMM). Its entire totals are included in Bangsamoro.

For vice president
While not as big his running mate’s, Pangilinan’s vote count still broke the record for most votes for a vice presidential candidate. He was able to defeat Duterte by over 2 million votes, which has not been done since Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in 1998. While the vote gap is larger than previous elections, Duterte was able to win more provinces and cities than Pangilinan.

Pangilinan was able to win in the region of Central Luzon while only carrying the provinces of Tarlac and Pampanga, Metro Manila except for Navotas, Malabon, Valenzuela, Caloocan, Manila, Pasay, Taguig, Pateros, and Parañaque; he won in Calabarzon except for Rizal, won all provinces in Mimaropa, Robredo’s home in the Bicol Region, and Western Visayas. He also won Negros Oriental, Siquijor, Bohol, Eastern Visayas except for Biliran and the island of Leyte.

Duterte carried Marcos’ home region of Ilocos except for Pangasinan, Cordillera Administrative Region except for Ifugao and Baguio City. She won three cities in Metro Manila (Navotas, Pasay, and Taguig) Duterte carried the region of Central Visayas, but only won in Cebu and its cities. She also won in Biliran, the whole island of Leyte and carried nearly all provinces and cities in Mindanao except for Agusan del Sur.

Result by island group and region

 * Note: Basilan is divided by two regions: its capital city Isabela is a part of the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX), while the rest of its municipalities are in Bangsamoro (BARMM). Its entire totals are included in Bangsamoro.

Close places
Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:
 * Sultan Kudarat: 2.31% (Robredo win)
 * South Cotabato: 2.37% (Robredo win)
 * Davao Occidental: 3.22% (Marcos win)
 * Zambales: 3.52% (Robredo win)
 * Davao de Oro: 3.71% (Robredo win)
 * Ifugao: 3.76% (Marcos win)
 * Nueva Ecija: 4.53% (Robredo win)
 * Bataan: 4.70% (Robredo win)

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:
 * Nueva Vizcaya: 0.09% (Duterte wins by 208 votes)
 * Manila: 0.89% (Sotto win)
 * Ifugao: 1.43% (Pangilinan win)
 * Bohol: 1.64% (Pangilinan win)
 * Taguig: 1.65% (Duterte win)
 * Rizal: 1.68% (Sotto win)
 * Zamboanga del Norte: 1.99% (Duterte win)
 * Misamis Occidental: 2.46% (Duterte win)
 * Pangasinan: 2.88% (Sotto win)
 * Zamboanga Sibugay: 3.11% (Duterte win)
 * Mountain Province: 3.27% (Duterte win)
 * Zamboanga City: 3.57% (Duterte win)
 * Navotas: 3.97% (Duterte win)
 * Parañaque: 4.64% (Sotto win)
 * Pasay: 4.76% (Duterte win)

Landslides
Margin of victory is more than 50% for the presidential election:
 * Camarines Norte: 95.48% (Robredo wins in her home province)
 * Iloilo City: 95.42% (Robredo win)
 * Albay: 95.26% (Robredo win)
 * Antique: 95.19% (Robredo win)
 * Catanduanes: 94.08% (Robredo win)
 * Camarines Norte: 93.45% (Robredo win)
 * Guimaras: 93.33% (Robredo win)
 * Negros Occidental: 92.59% (Robredo win)
 * Sorsogon: 92.19% (Robredo win)
 * Iloilo: 91.61% (Robredo win)
 * Bacolod: 87.21% (Robredo win)
 * Special geographic area of Bangsamoro: 86.43% (Robredo win)
 * Masbate: 85.83% (Robredo win)
 * Capiz: 85.09% (Robredo win)
 * Pampanga: 84.42% (Robredo win)
 * Siquijor: 82.06% (Robredo win)
 * Lanao del Sur: 78.40% (Robredo win)
 * Ilocos Norte: 78.29% (Marcos wins in his home province)
 * Ilocos Sur: 76.49% (Marcos win)
 * Aklan: 74.31% (Robredo win)
 * La Union: 73.55% (Marcos win)
 * Camiguin: 69.49% (Robredo win)
 * Abra: 69.12% (Marcos win)
 * Lapu Lapu City: 68.99% (Robredo win)
 * Quezon: 67.87% (Robredo win)
 * Dinagat Islands: 67.37% (Robredo win)
 * Northern Samar: 66.33% (Robredo win)
 * Romblon: 65.44% (Robredo win)
 * Surigao del Norte: 62.98% (Robredo win)
 * Maguindanao: 61.51% (Robredo win)
 * Marinduque: 61.38% (Robredo win)
 * Apayao: 60.56% (Marcos win)
 * Basilan: 59.76% (Robredo win)
 * Agusan del Sur: 58.40% (Robredo win)
 * Oriental Mindoro: 57.48% (Robredo win)
 * Eastern Samar: 57.28% (Robredo win)
 * Marikina City: 56.32% (Robredo win)
 * Misamis Occidental: 55.52% (Robredo win)
 * Batanes: 53.84% (Robredo win)
 * Misamis Oriental: 52.38% (Robredo win)
 * Quezon City: 50.57% (Robredo win)
 * Pasig City: 50.55% (Robredo win)
 * Kalinga: 50.37% (Marcos win)

Margin of victory is more than 50% for the vice presidential election:
 * Sulu: 94.40% (Duterte win)
 * Davao City: 93.89% (Duterte wins in her home city)
 * Special geographic area of Bangsamoro: 92.12% (Duterte win)
 * Davao del Norte: 91.30% (Duterte win)
 * Davao del Sur: 90.32% (Duterte win)
 * Davao Oriental: 87.68% (Duterte win)
 * Camarines Sur: 85.49% (Pangilinan win)
 * Sultan Kudarat: 85.13% (Duterte win)
 * Guimaras: 84.51% (Pangilinan win)
 * Antique: 83.75% (Pangilinan win)
 * Davao Occidental: 82.98% (Duterte win)
 * Iloilo: 82.74% (Pangilinan win)
 * Pampanga: 82.62% (Pangilinan wins in his home province)
 * Iloilo City: 82.49% (Pangilinan win)
 * Davao de Oro: 82.36% (Duterte win)
 * General Santos City: 82.08% (Duterte win)
 * Surigao del Sur: 81.41% (Duterte win)
 * Sarangani: 81.11% (Duterte win)
 * Albay: 79.86% (Pangilinan win)
 * Catanduanes: 78.50% (Pangilinan win)
 * South Cotabato: 78.48% (Duterte win)
 * Negros Occidental: 75.82% (Pangilinan win)
 * Dinagat Islands: 72.22% (Duterte win)
 * Cotabato: 71.%74 (Duterte win)
 * Bacolod: 71.25% (Pangilinan win)
 * Ilocos Norte: 69.41% (Duterte win)
 * Tawi-Tawi: 69.15% (Duterte win)
 * Camarines Norte: 68.66% (Pangilinan win)
 * Capiz: 64.79% (Pangilinan win)
 * Basilan: 63.10% (Duterte win)
 * Camiguin: 62.71% (Duterte win)
 * Maguindanao: 61.26% (Duterte win)
 * Ilocos Sur: 60.55% (Duterte win)
 * Bukidnon: 57.99% (Duterte win)
 * Aklan: 55.81% (Pangilinan win)
 * Lanao del Sur: 55.60% (Duterte win)
 * Iligan City: 55.03% (Duterte win)
 * Cagayan de Oro: 53.95% (Duterte win)
 * Quezon: 52.48% (Pangilinan win)
 * Lanao del Norte: 51.91% (Duterte win)
 * Marikina City: 51.13% (Pangilinan win)
 * Misamis Oriental: 51.05% (Duterte win)