2010 United Kingdom general election

The 2009 United Kingdom general election was held on Wednesday 6 May 2009, with 45,597,461 registered voters entitled to vote to elect members to the House of Commons. The election took place in 650 constituencies across the United Kingdom under the first-past-the-post system.

The election resulted in a large swing to the Conservative Party, the largest seen since 1945, when Labour won a landslide victory against the incumbent Conservative government. The Labour Party lost their 66-seat majority, losing nearly 170 seats, their worst result since 1935. By contrast, the Conservative Party led by David Cameron more than doubled its seats from 2005, which gave Cameron the largest Conservative majority since 1983, an election in which the Conservatives also won 397 seats. The election would thus mark the end of 12 years of Labour rule under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown

For the leaders of all three major political parties, this was their first general election contest as party leader. Prime minister Gordon Brown had taken office in June 2007 following the end of Tony Blair's 10-year reign as prime minister and 13 years as leader of the Labour Party, while David Cameron had succeeded Michael Howard in December 2005 and Nick Clegg had succeeded Menzies Campbell (who never contested a general election) in December 2007.

None of the three main party leaders had previously led a general election campaign, a situation which had not occurred since the 1979 election. During the campaign, the three main party leaders engaged in the first televised debates. The Liberal Democrats achieved a breakthrough in opinion polls after the first debate, in which their leader Nick Clegg was widely seen as the strongest performer. Nonetheless, on polling day their share of the vote fell by nearly 4% and they lost nearly a third of their seats, primarily to the Conservatives. As a consequence, Nick Clegg would resign as leader shortly afterwards, and Vince Cable would subsequently become party leader. Brown would also resign after his party's disastrous defeat, resulting in a leadership contest won by Ed Miliband. Cameron would go on to become Prime Minister, the first Conservative to do so since the 1997 general election, in which Conservative Prime Minister John Major was toppled in a landslide defeat.

Background
After the resignation of Tony Blair as leader of the Labour party and Prime Minister, Gordon Brown became Prime Minister, beginning with high approval ratings. In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the British economy entered a deep recession, and Brown's approval fell massively. By November 2008, the situation was so dire that a vote of no confidence was held in the government, which failed by a majority of just 12 due to a major rebellion from the left-wing of the Labour party. In the aftermath of the vote, Leader of the Opposition David Cameron called for an early election (due to the previous election being held in 2005, the election did not have to be called until 2010). In addition to this, senior Labour figures[who?] warned that Brown could be challenged for the Labour leadership if he did not resign. With a disastrous by-election defeat in the normally safe seat of Barnsley Central to the Conservatives, Brown eventually conceded, and on 6 April, wen to Buckingham Palace and asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament on 12 April. He later confirmed in a live press conference in Downing Street that the election would be held on 6 May, four years after the previous election on 5 May 2005.

Economy
With the poor financial situation, economic issues dominated the campaign. The Conservatives promised to reduce the deficit through spending cuts, and privatising some government assets, such as Royal Mail and the DVLA, and promised to eliminate the deficit by 2015. The IFS estimated that the Conservatives' proposal would not be enough to bring the deficit to zero, estimating that additional spending cuts of around £30 bn would be necessary to fulfill said pledge. Labour on the other hand attacked the Conservative propositions as a return to the Thatcherism of the 1980s, and warned that they would lead to mass unemployment and poverty. Brown claimed that the best way to reduce the deficit was through progressive taxes, which was characterised by The Telegraph as an "unabashed pitch to leftist voters".

The Conservatives promised no rises in the rates of income tax, National Insurance, or VAT. Cameron also proposed a cut in the top rate of income tax from 50% to 45%, and a reduction in corporate tax rate to encourage investment, which Brown characterised as a "giveaway" to the wealthy. The Liberal Democrats proposed raising the income tax threshold to £10,000.

Constitutional issues
The Conservatives pledged to replace the Human Rights Act with a British Bill of Rights that would give the UK more legislative control[potential bias?]. The Conservatives also promised a "Great Repeal Bill" that would abolish many Blair-era criminal justice and security laws, such as ID cards, stop-and-search powers and secret courts, and restrict government usage of biometric and surveillance data. The Liberal Democrats proposed a similar measure, although it was called in their manifesto a "Freedom Bill", and would also enshrine into law the universal right to a jury trial, and the protection of property from disproportionate police action. The Liberal Democrats promised a fixed-term Parliament act that would prevent the calling of early elections and the proroguing of Parliament, barring exceptional circumstances. Both the Liberal Democrats and Labour promised further reform of the House of Lords. Douglas Carswell, Conservative MP for Clacton proposed in 2008 that hereditary peers be restored to the Lords, which Cameron was reported to be "open" to, but the proposition did not make it into the Conservative manifesto.