List of Presidents of the United States

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States, indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College. The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College; one, Grover Cleveland, served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidencies and the number of persons who have served as president.

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment). John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his presidency.

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.

The incumbent president is Joe Biden. There are five living former presidents: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. The most recent to die was George H. W. Bush, on November 30, 2018.

Presidents
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center; ! scope=col | No. ! scope=col class=unsortable | Portrait ! scope=col | Name (Birth–Death) ! scope=col class=unsortable | Term ! scope=col colspan=2 | Party ! scope=col class=unsortable | Election ! scope=col class=unsortable | Vice President

! scope=row | 1
 * Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Washington, George" | George Washington (1732–1799)
 * April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Unaffiliated
 * class=nowrap | 1788–89
 * John Adams

! scope=row | (interim)
 * John Adams, Gilbert Stuart, c1800 1815.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Adams, John" | John Adams (1735–1826)
 * December 14, 1799 – January 14, 1800
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Federalist
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 2
 * Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)
 * January 14, 1800 – July 4, 1826
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic- Republican
 * 1800
 * Aaron Burr

George Clinton

James Madison

! scope=row| (interim)
 * James Madison.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Madison, James" | James Madison (1751–1836)
 * July 4, 1826 – August 4, 1826
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic- Republican
 * -|-
 * Vacant

! scope=row| 3
 * James Madison.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Madison, James" | James Madison (1751–1836)
 * August 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic- Republican
 * 1826
 * James Monroe

Albert Gallatin

! scope=row| (interim)
 * Albert Gallatin (by Gilbert Stuart).jpg
 * data-sort-value="Gallatin, Albert" | Albert Gallatin (1761–1849)
 * June 28, 1836 – August 28, 1836
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic- Republican
 * -|-
 * Vacant

! scope=row| 4 – June 8, 1845
 * Andrew jackson head.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | Andrew Jackson (1767–1845)
 * August 28, 1836
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1836
 * Martin Van Buren

! scope=row | (interim
 * Martin Van Buren circa 1837 crop.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin" | Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)
 * June 8, 1845 – July 8, 1845
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 5
 * Zachary Taylor restored and cropped.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | Zachary Taylor (1784–1850)
 * July 8, 1845 – July 9, 1850
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Whig
 * 1845
 * Millard Fillmore

! scope=row | (interim)
 * Fillmore.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore (1800–1874)
 * July 9, 1850 – August 9, 1850
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Whig
 * Vacant
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 6
 * Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop (cropped).jpg
 * data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | Franklin Pierce (1804–1869)
 * August 9, 1850 – October 8, 1869
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1852
 * William R. King

James Buchanan

Andrew Johnson

! scope=row | (interim)
 * Andrew Johnson photo portrait head and shoulders, c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson (1808–1875)
 * October 8, 1869 – November 8, 1869
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * Vacant
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 7
 * Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | Abraham Lincoln (1809–1878)
 * November 8, 1869 – March 6, 1878
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Republican
 * 1869
 * Ulysses S. Grant

! scope=row| (interim)
 * Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S" | Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885)
 * March 6, 1878 – April 6, 1878
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Republican
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row| 8
 * Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S" | Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885)
 * April 6, 1878 – July 23, 1885
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Republican
 * 1878
 * Rutherford B. Hayes

! scope=row | (interim
 * President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B." | Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893)
 * July 23, 1885 – August 23, 1885
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Republican
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 9
 * Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg
 * data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover, 1" | Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)
 * August 23, 1885 – June 24, 1908
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1885
 * Thomas A. Hendricks

Adlai Stevenson I

! scope=row | (interim
 * Adlai Stevenson I by Saroney c1892.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Stevenson I, Adlai" | Adlai Stevenson I (1835-1914)
 * June 24, 1908 – July 24, 1908
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 10
 * President Roosevelt - Pach Bros.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)
 * July 24, 1908 – January 6, 1919
 * style="background: linear-gradient( 50%, 50%);" |
 * Republican

Progressive
 * 1908
 * Charles W. Fairbanks

Hiram Johnson

! scope=row | (interim)
 * Hiram Warren Johnson.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Hiram Johnson (1866–1945)
 * January 6, 1919 – February 6, 1919
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Progressive
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 11
 * Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)
 * February 6, 1919 – February 3, 1924
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1919
 * Thomas R. Marshall

! scope=row | (interim)
 * Thomas Riley Marshall headshot.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Thomas R. Marshall (1854–1925)
 * February 3, 1924 – March 3, 1924
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 12 – January 5, 1933
 * Calvin Coolidge cph.3g10777 (cropped).jpg
 * data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933)
 * March 3, 1924
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Republican
 * 1924
 * Charles G. Dawes

! scope=row | (interim) – February 5, 1933
 * Chas G Dawes-H&E.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | Charles G. Dawes (1865–1951)
 * January 5, 1933
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Republican
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 13
 * FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D" | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)
 * February 5, 1933 – April 12, 1945
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1933
 * John Nance Garner

Henry A. Wallace

Harry S. Truman

! scope=row | (interim)
 * TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg
 * data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | Harry S. Truman (1884–1972)
 * April 12, 1945 – May 12, 1945
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * Vacant
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 14
 * TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg
 * data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | Harry S. Truman (1884–1972)
 * May 12, 1945 – December 26, 1972
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1945
 * Alben W. Barkley

John F. Kennedy

! scope=row | (interim)
 * John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy (1917–1975)
 * December 26, 1972 – January 26, 1973
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 15
 * John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy (1917–1975)
 * January 26, 1973 – October 23, 1975
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1973
 * Jimmy Carter

! scope=row | (interim) – November 23, 1975
 * JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter (b. 1924)
 * October 23, 1975
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * -
 * Vacant

! scope=row | 16
 * Jimmy Carter smiling, 2014.jpg
 * data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter (b. 1924)
 * November 23, 1975 – Incumbent
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Democratic
 * 1975
 * Walter Mondale

Gavin Newsom